Alterations of Fatty Acid Profile May Contribute to Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease by Influencing Hepatocyte Metabolism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Clinical Data
2.2. Cell Studies In Vitro
2.3. Cell Studies Ex Vivo
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patients
4.2. Lipid Extraction and FAME Analysis
4.3. Cell Cultures and Treatment
4.4. Triacylglycerols Content Analysis
4.5. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AA | Arachidonic acid |
ACC | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
ApoA1 | Apolipoprotein A1 |
ApoB | Apolipoprotein B |
BMI | Body mass index |
BSA | Bovine serum albumin |
BUN | Blood urea nitrogen |
CDC | Chronic kidney disease |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
DAG | diacylglycerol |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic acid |
DGAT | Diacylglycerol O-transferase |
DM | Diabetes mellitus |
eGFR | Glomerular filtration rate |
ELOVL | Elongase |
FA | Fatty acids |
FAME | Fatty acid methyl ester |
FASN | Fatty acid synthase |
FFQ | Food frequency questionnaire |
GLM | General linear model |
HD | Hemodialysis |
HNF4α | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α |
HP | Hypertension |
HOMA IR | Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance |
LXR | Liver-x receptors |
MTTP | Microsomal TAG transfer protein |
MUFA | Monounsaturated fatty acids |
NFκB | Nuclear factor κB |
OA | Oleic acid |
PD | Peritoneal dialysis |
PUFA | Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors |
SCD | Stearoyl-CoA desaturase |
SFA | Saturated fatty acids |
SREBP | Sterol regulatory binding proteins |
TAG | Triacylglycerol |
Tx | Renal transplantation |
VLDL | Very low density lipoprotein. |
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Item | Healthy Control | CKD 1-2 | CKD 3a | CKD 3b | CKD 4-5 | HD | PD | Tx |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 55.57 ± 1.34 | 53.65 ± 2.30 | 60.57 ± 2.32 | 61.15 ± 2.64 | 61.00 ± 2.81 | 60.14 ± 2.40 | 51.27 ± 2.18 | 52.17 ± 2.14 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.37 ± 0.20 | 14.23 ± 0.21 | 14.61 ± 0.30 | 13.24 ± 0.39 * | 12.33 ± 0.39 # | 10.71 ± 0.26 # | 10.99 ± 0.29 # | 13.17 ± 0.41 # |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.85 ± 0.03 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 1.33 ± 0.04 # | 1.72 ± 0.08 # | 3.98 ± 0.96 # | 7.61 ± 0.46 # | 9.55 ± 0.67 # | 1.57 ± 0.17 # |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 89.07 ± 2.18 | 88.05 ± 2.49 | 50.96 ± 1.17 # | 36.59 ± 1.06 # | 20.63 ± 1.35 # | 7.11 ± 0.54 # | 6.30 ± 0.71 # | 39.27 ± 2.65 # |
BUN (mmol/L) | 15.92 ± 0.67 | 16.49 ± 0.64 | 21.63 ± 0.88 # | 31.69 ± 1.94 # | 48.34 ± 3.49 # | 53.81 ± 3.00 # | 57.68 ± 3.54 # | 31.32 ± 3.29 # |
TAG (mg/dL) | 129.80 ± 10.83 | 148.10 ± 17.07 | 151.48 ± 14.48 | 154.77 ± 12.06 | 161.32 ± 15.32 | 185.46 ± 32.68 | 187.41 ± 14.60 # | 215.33 ± 37.46 * |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 211.23 ± 8.19 | 212.85 ± 7.32 | 202.22 ± 11.68 | 199.62 ± 10.33 | 212.84 ± 12.78 | 184.25 ± 10.04 * | 209.79 ± 12.16 | 217.46 ± 11.62 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 54.30 ± 2.58 | 55.93 ± 2.20 | 48.43 ± 2.66 | 48.73 ± 3.12 | 48.26 ± 3.53 | 41.46 ± 2.47 # | 38.76 ± 1.92 # | 51.71 ± 3.92 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 131.10 ± 7.41 | 126.29 ±6.28 | 121.32 ± 8.79 | 119.96 ± 9.30 | 131.79 ± 10.79 | 111.67 ± 9.87 | 135.43 ± 10.90 | 125.80 ± 10.87 |
CRP (mg/L) | 2.80 ± 0.90 | 3.38 ± 0.65 | 3.38 ± 0.77 | 4.10 ± 0.91 | 4.59 ± 1.43 | 14.19 ± 5.43 * | 9.05 ± 3.45 | 8.64 ± 3.98 |
Albumin (g/L) | 39.46 ± 0.45 | 38.70 ± 1.06 | 39.52 ± 0.61 | 37.78 ± 0.76 | 36.74 ± 1.06 * | 31.96 ± 0.68 # | 31.60 ± 0.84 # | 37.92 ± 0.86 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 102.55 ± 4.44 | 102.67 ± 4.79 | 114.00 ± 5.35 | 123.07 ± 10.65 | 125.16 ± 11.34 * | 112.96 ± 12.13 | 96.83 ± 4.95 | 116.17 ± 10.10 |
Insulin (µU/mL) | 11.77 ± 0.96 | 12.99 ± 1.17 | 15.80 ± 3.39 | 15.84 ± 1.19 * | 21.05 ± 6.99 | 23.55 ± 9.47 | 15.13 ± 4.20 | 30.18 ± 15.00 |
Na+ (mmol/L) | 140.27 ± 0.42 | 140.00 ± 0.41 | 140.10 ± 0.34 | 139.62 ± 0.62 | 140.68 ± 0.78 | 137.25 ± 0.56 # | 141.17 ± 0.46 | 139.54 ± 0.68 |
K+ (mmol/L) | 4.36 ± 0.05 | 4.24 ± 0.05 | 4.50 ± 0.09 | 4.52 ± 0.09 | 4.81 ± 0.09 # | 5.09 ± 0.15 # | 4.42 ± 0.10 | 4.26 ± 0.08 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.52 ± 0.67 | 27.52 ± 0.84 | 28.63 ± 1.05 | 31.16 ± 1.13 * | 27.54 ± 1.18 | 25.84 ± 1.15 | 26.16 ± 0.77 | 27.04 ± 0.85 |
HOMA IR | 1.93 ± 0.42 | 3.13 ± 0.40 * | 3.73 ± 1.29 | 4.32 ± 0.53 # | 6.14 ± 3.57 | 5.49 ± 2.08 * | 4.44 ± 1.98 | 7.15 ± 2.65 * |
Concomitant diseases (%) | ||||||||
Diabetes mellitus (DM) | 3.33 ± 3.33 | 12.50 ± 5.30 | 27.27 ± 9.50 * | 37.04 ± 9.47 # | 42.11 ± 11.64 # | 35.71 ± 9.22 # | 16.67 ± 6.92 | 33.33 ± 9.83 # |
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) | 3.33 ± 3.33 | 15.00 ± 5.72 | 40.91 ± 10.49 # | 44.44 ± 9.75 # | 42.11 ± 11.64 # | 57.14 ± 9.52 # | 36.67 ± 8.95 # | 33.33 ± 9.83 # |
Hypertension (HP) | 33.33 ± 8.75 | 70.00 ± 7.34 # | 95.65 ± 4.45 # | 92.59 ± 5.14 # | 100.00 ±7.65 # | 92.86 ± 4.96 # | 100 ± 0.00 # | 100.00 ± 0.00 # |
Item | Healthy Control | CKD 1-2 | CKD 3a | CKD 3b | CKD 4-5 | HD | PD | Tx |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14:0 | 1.18 ± 0.06 | 1.18 ± 0.06 | 1.26 ± 0.07 | 1.18 ± 0.08 | 1.06 ± 0.06 | 1.17 ± 0.08 | 0.98 ± 0.06 * | 1.33 ± 0.12 |
16:0 | 23.00 ± 0.33 | 23.04 ±0.30 | 23.64 ± 0.50 | 23.21 ± 0.30 | 23.50 ± 0.39 | 23.51 ± 0.39 | 22.79 ± 0.37 | 23.86 ± 0.45 |
18:0 | 7.23 ± 0.12 | 7.15 ± 0.09 | 7.12 ± 0.16 | 7.02 ± 0.16 | 6.79 ± 0.18 * | 7.04 ± 0.20 | 6.87 ± 0.18 | 6.72 ± 0.13 # |
Other SFA | 1.57 ± 0.04 | 2.08 ± 0.09 # | 1.91 ± 0.11 # | 1.98 ± 0.11 # | 2.00 ± 0.11 # | 2.04 ± 0.10 # | 1.48 ± 0.07 | 2.27 ± 0.10 # |
Total SFA | 32.97 ± 0.34 | 33.44 ± 0.36 | 33.93 ± 0.14 | 33.38 ± 0.44 | 33.36 ± 0.49 | 33.75 ± 0.38 | 32.12 ± 0.51 | 34.18 ± 0.57 |
14:1 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 # | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
16:1 | 1.93 ± 0.30 | 2.80 ± 0.17 # | 2.41 ± 0.32 | 2.85 ± 0.17 # | 2.22 ± 0.35 | 2.78 ± 0.22 * | 2.76 ± 0.15 * | 3.06 ± 0.17 # |
18:1 | 26.04 ± 0.55 | 26.04 ± 0.47 | 25.68 ± 1.29 | 27.56 ± 0.59 | 28.57 ± 0.49 # | 29.24 ± 0.75 # | 29.81 ± 0.58 # | 28.00 ± 0.64 * |
Other MUFA | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.07 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.53 ± 0.03 |
Total MUFA | 29.60 ± 0.64 | 29.59 ± 0.54 | 30.39 ± 0.65 | 31.09 ± 0.62 | 32.19 ± 0.54 # | 32.81 ± 0.87 # | 33.10 ± 0.68 # | 31.67 ± 0.73 * |
18:3n-3 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.27 ± 0.02 # | 0.24 ± 0.03 # | 0.20 ± 0.02 # | 0.24 ± 0.02 # | 0.21 ± 0.02 # |
20:5n-3 | 1.11 ± 0.13 | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 0.81 ± 0.07 | 0.77 ± 0.07 * | 0.77 ± 0.11 | 0.72 ± 0.07 * | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 0.60 ± 0.06 # |
22:6n-3 | 1.14 ± 0.08 | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 1.03 ± 0.08 | 1.06 ± 0.06 | 0.96 ± 0.10 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 1.38 ± 0.08 * | 0.88 ± 0.08 * |
Other n-3 PUFA | 0.39 ± 0.00 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.02 * | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.01 # | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.50 ± 0.02 # | 0.32 ± 0.02 # |
Total n-3 PUFA | 2.99 ± 0.21 | 2.52 ± 0.13 | 2.47 ± 0.15 | 2.48 ± 0.13 | 2.31 ± 0.20 * | 2.19 ± 0.16 # | 3.08 ± 0.13 | 2.01 ± 0.13 # |
18:2n-6 | 24.90 ± 0.64 | 25.14 ± 0.60 | 24.31 ± 0.99 | 23.85 ± 0.76 | 23.99 ± 0.95 | 22.25 ± 0.64 # | 22.73 ± 0.67 * | 24.13 ± 0.82 |
20:4n-6 | 5.56 ± 0.20 | 5.05 ± 0.17 | 4.93 ± 0.22 * | 5.11 ± 0.17 | 4.66 ± 0.27 # | 4.93 ± 0.25 | 5.15 ± 0.20 | 4.03 ± 0.17 # |
Other n-6 PUFA | 1.44 ± 0.04 | 1.37 ± 0.04 | 1.30 ± 0.04 * | 1.23 ± 0.05 # | 1.10 ± 0.07 # | 1.13 ± 0.06 # | 1.43 ± 0.04 | 1.12 ± 0.04 # |
Total n-6 PUFA | 31.90 ± 0.67 | 31.57 ± 0.67 | 30.54 ± 0.24 | 30.19 ± 0.77 | 29.72 ± 0.90 | 28.31 ± 0.72 # | 29.31 ± 0.77 * | 29.28 ± 0.91 * |
Item | Control | CKD Stage 5 |
---|---|---|
14:0 | 1.02 | 1.33 |
16:0 | 22.72 | 26.84 |
18:0 | 7.99 | 6.46 |
Other SFA | 1.56 | 1.10 |
Total SFA | 32.27 | 35.73 |
14:1 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
16:1 | 1.74 | 3.29 |
18:1 | 23.59 | 29.59 |
Other MUFA | 0.80 | 0.62 |
Total MUFA | 26.17 | 33.85 |
18:3n-3 | 0.23 | 0.20 |
20:5n-3 | 0.94 | 0.66 |
22:6n-3 | 1.17 | 0.93 |
Other n-3 PUFA | 0.37 | 0.30 |
Total n-3 PUFA | 2.71 | 2.09 |
18:2n-6 | 30.03 | 22.76 |
20:4n-6 | 6.03 | 4.28 |
Other n-6 PUFA | 1.5 | 0.93 |
Total n-6 PUFA | 37.56 | 27.97 |
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Czumaj, A.; Śledziński, T.; Carrero, J.-J.; Stepnowski, P.; Sikorska-Wisniewska, M.; Chmielewski, M.; Mika, A. Alterations of Fatty Acid Profile May Contribute to Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease by Influencing Hepatocyte Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102470
Czumaj A, Śledziński T, Carrero J-J, Stepnowski P, Sikorska-Wisniewska M, Chmielewski M, Mika A. Alterations of Fatty Acid Profile May Contribute to Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease by Influencing Hepatocyte Metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(10):2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102470
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzumaj, Aleksandra, Tomasz Śledziński, Juan-Jesus Carrero, Piotr Stepnowski, Malgorzata Sikorska-Wisniewska, Michal Chmielewski, and Adriana Mika. 2019. "Alterations of Fatty Acid Profile May Contribute to Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease by Influencing Hepatocyte Metabolism" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10: 2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102470