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Volume 20
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Review

The Pleiotropic Role of Retinoic Acid/Retinoic Acid Receptors Signaling: From Vitamin A Metabolism to Gene Rearrangements in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

by
Maria Rosa Conserva
,
Luisa Anelli
,
Antonella Zagaria
,
Giorgina Specchia
and
Francesco Albano
*
Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), Hematology Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(12), 2921; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122921
Submission received: 10 May 2019 / Revised: 7 June 2019 / Accepted: 13 June 2019 / Published: 14 June 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chromosome and Karyotype Variation)
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Abstract

The family of retinoic acid receptors (RARs: RARα, -β, and -γ) has remarkable pleiotropy characteristics, since the retinoic acid/RARs pathway is involved in numerous biological processes not only during embryonic development, but also in the postnatal phase and during adulthood. In this review, we trace the roles of RA/RARs signaling in the immune system (where this pathway has both an immunosuppressive role or is involved in the inflammatory response), in hematopoiesis (enhancing hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal, progenitor cells differentiation or maintaining the bone marrow microenvironment homeostasis), and in bone remodeling (where this pathway seems to have controversial effects on bone formation or osteoclast activation). Moreover, in this review is shown the involvement of RAR genes in multiple chromosomal rearrangements generating different fusion genes in hematological neoplasms, with a particular focus on acute promyelocytic leukemia and its variant subtypes. The effect of different RARs fusion proteins on leukemic transformation, on patients’ outcome, and on therapy response is also discussed.
Keywords: Retinoic acid receptors signaling; chromosomal rearrangements; acute promyelocytic leukemia Retinoic acid receptors signaling; chromosomal rearrangements; acute promyelocytic leukemia

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MDPI and ACS Style

Conserva, M.R.; Anelli, L.; Zagaria, A.; Specchia, G.; Albano, F. The Pleiotropic Role of Retinoic Acid/Retinoic Acid Receptors Signaling: From Vitamin A Metabolism to Gene Rearrangements in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122921

AMA Style

Conserva MR, Anelli L, Zagaria A, Specchia G, Albano F. The Pleiotropic Role of Retinoic Acid/Retinoic Acid Receptors Signaling: From Vitamin A Metabolism to Gene Rearrangements in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(12):2921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122921

Chicago/Turabian Style

Conserva, Maria Rosa, Luisa Anelli, Antonella Zagaria, Giorgina Specchia, and Francesco Albano. 2019. "The Pleiotropic Role of Retinoic Acid/Retinoic Acid Receptors Signaling: From Vitamin A Metabolism to Gene Rearrangements in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12: 2921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122921

APA Style

Conserva, M. R., Anelli, L., Zagaria, A., Specchia, G., & Albano, F. (2019). The Pleiotropic Role of Retinoic Acid/Retinoic Acid Receptors Signaling: From Vitamin A Metabolism to Gene Rearrangements in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(12), 2921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122921

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