3. Materials and Methods
3.1. General Methods Experimental Procedures
All reactions were carried out in oven-dried glassware. All solvents and reagents were mainly purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Fluka and were used without further purification or synthesized via the literature protocol. TLC analysis was performed on pre-coated Merck silica gel 60 F
254 plates using UV light and charring solution (10 mL conc. H
2SO
4/90 mL EtOH). Flash column chromatography was done on SiO
2 purchased from Aldrich (technical grade, 60 Å pore size, 230–400 mesh, 40–63 μm). All NMR spectra were recorded with the Bruker DRX 400 MHz spectrometer (400 MHz for
1H, 100 MHz for
13C (125 MHz
13C for compound
7k with the Bruker Avance III 500 MHz spectrometer equipped with a broadband observe SMART probe, Fällanden, Switzerland), 376 MHz for
19F, 162 MHz for
31P, ESI) at ambient temperature using CDCl
3 or CD
3OD as solvents. Chemical shifts are given in ppm relative to the residual solvent peak (
1H NMR: CDCl
3 δ 7.26; CD
3OD δ 3.31;
13C NMR: CDCl
3 δ 77.16; CD
3OD δ 49.00) with multiplicity (
b = broad,
s = singlet,
d = doublet,
t = triplet,
q = quartet,
quin = quintet,
sext = sextet,
hept = heptet,
m = multiplet,
td = triplet of doublets,
dt = doublet of triplets), coupling constants (in Hz) and integration. Copies of nmr spectra are provided in the
supplementary information. High-resolution mass analysis was obtained using the Micromass Q-TOF mass spectrometer. Analytical data is given if the compound is novel or not fully characterized in the literature. Final compounds were further purified via HPLC before evaluation of galectin affinity. All tested compounds were >95% pure according to the analytical HPLC analysis.
3.2. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-β-d-Xylo-Hex-3-Ulopyranoside 12
Into a solution of alcohol 11 (8.1 g, 17.45 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (250 mL) Dess–Martin periodinane (9.62 g, 22.68 mmol, 1.3 equiv.) was added, under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 3:1, Rf 0.5). After that, a saturated NaHCO3 solution (400 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then, the organic layer was collected and washed successively with the saturated Na2S2O3 solution (2 × 250 mL). The organic layer was collected, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography of the crude material (heptane/EtOAc, 7:2) afforded ketone 12 (6.45 g, 13.955 mmol, yield 80%) as a white solid. −72.3 (c 1.4, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.47–7.21 (m, 15H, ArH), 4.76 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.73 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.58 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.51 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.48 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.6 Hz, H-1), 4.44 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.6 Hz, H-2), 4.43 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.35 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 3.95 (d, 1H, J 1.2 Hz, H-4), 3.83–3.75 (m, 3H, H-5, H-6a, H-6b), 3.61 (s, 3H, OCH3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 203.8, 137.7, 137.2, 136.4, 128.29, 128.27, 127.26, 128.0, 127.8, 127.6, 127.5, 104.9, 82.1, 80.7, 73.5, 73.4, 72.3, 72.1, 67.5, 57.1. HRMS calcd for C28H30O6+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 480.2386, found: 480.2378.
3.3. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-Methylene-β-d-Xylo-Hex-3-Ulopyranoside 13
Into a solution of ketone 12 (6.3 g, 13.63 mmol) in dry toluene (100 mL) bis (cyclopentadienyl) dimethyltitanium was added, 5 wt% in toluene (125 mL, 30 mmol, 2.2 equiv.), under nitrogen atmosphere and the reaction mixture was stirred for 48 h at 65 °C in the dark. After that, the reaction mixture (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 4:1, Rf 0.47) was concentrated in vacuo and flash chromatography of the crude material (heptane/EtOAc, 10:1–5:1) afforded methylene derivative 13 (4.6 g, 9.99 mmol, yield 71%) as a light-yellow oil. −40.3 (c 1.1, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.49–7.28 (m, 15H, ArH), 5.61 (t, 1H, J2,H-7a 2.0 Hz, CH2), 5.20 (t, 1H, J2,H-7b 2.0 Hz, CH2), 5.00 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.78 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.65 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.58 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.56 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.36 (d, 1H, J 7.6 Hz, H-1), 4.28 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.14 (dt, 1H, J1,2 7.6 Hz, J2,H-7a, J2,H-7b 2.0 Hz, H-2), 4.03 (d, 1H, J 0.4 Hz, H-4), 3.91–3.79 (m, 3H, H-5, H-6a, H-6b), 3.65 (s, 3H, OCH3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 142.2, 138.5, 138.2, 137.9, 128.4, 128.3, 128.2, 128.0, 127.9, 127.7, 127.62, 127.59, 127.5, 113.7, 104.9, 77.7, 77.3, 76.6, 73.7, 73.6, 69.2, 69.0, 56.7. HRMS calcd for C29H32O5+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 478.2593, found: 478.2607.
3.4. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-Hydroxymethyl-β-d-Gulopyranoside 14a and Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-Hydroxymethyl-β-d-Galactopyranoside 14b
A solution of 13 (4.6 g, 9.99 mmol) in dry THF (150 mL) was treated with a 9-BBN solution in THF (0.5 M, 125 mL) and heated to reflux for 24 h. After that, the solution was cooled to 0 °C and a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (100 mL) and a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (100 mL) were added simultaneously within 5 min and stirring continued for another 30 min. Then, diethyl ether (200 mL) was added followed by careful addition of a 20% aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution (7 mL). This mixture was stirred further for 60 min and extracted with diethyl ether, and the combined organic layers were dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1 (double run), Rf 0.48 for 14a, Rf 0.4 for 14b). Flash chromatography (Heptane/EtOAc, 8:1 to 2:1) of the residue afforded a gulo-isomer, 14a (1.74 g, 3.638 mmol) and galacto-isomer, 14b (1.16 g, 2.426 mmol) to be ≈3:2 in favor of the guloisomer at an overall yield of 61% (2.9 g, 6.064 mmol). Gulo-isomer 14a: −25.7 (c 1.3, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.36–7.20 (m, 15H, ArH), 4.82 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.65 (d, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, H-1), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.54 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.52 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.47 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.41 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 3.95–3.88 (m, 2H, H-4, H-5), 3.73 (dd, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, J2,3 5.2 Hz, H-2), 3.74–3.57 (m, 4H, H-6a, H-6b, CH2OH), 3.54 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.53–2.47 (m, 1H, H-3), 2.35 (bs, 1H, CH2OH). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 138.2, 138.1, 138.0, 128.6, 128.52, 128.47, 128.2, 128.1, 128.03, 127.96, 127.9, 127.8, 101.2, 77.2, 74.8, 73.8, 73.6, 73.4, 71.9, 69.5, 62.0, 56.5, 41.6. HRMS calcd for C29H34O6+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 496.2699, found: 496.2700. Galacto-isomer 14b: −13.4 (c 0.9, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.39–7.28 (m, 15H, ArH), 4.92 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.65 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.60–4.52 (m, 4H, CH2Ph), 4.41 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.6 Hz, H-1), 3.90(d, 1H, J3,4 2.8 Hz, H-4), 3.82 (dd, 1H, J 4.8 Hz, J 7.2 Hz, CH2OH), 3.73–3.55 (m, 8H, H-5, H-6a, H-6b, H-2, CH2OH, OCH3), 2.04 (bs, 1H, CH2OH), 1.87–1.82 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 138.5, 138.1, 137.8, 128.6, 128.53, 128.52, 128.4, 128.3, 128.03, 127.98, 127.8, 106.4, 76.5, 76.2, 74.8, 74.7, 74.6, 73.7, 68.6, 62.2, 56.8, 47.3. HRMS calcd for C29H34O6+H+ (M+H)+: 479.2434, found: 479.2434.
3.5. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Trifluoromethylphenoxymethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 15
Compound 14a (80 mg, 0.17 mmol) was stirred in a 25 mL round-bottom flask in toluene (2 mL) for 3 min. A mixture of 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)(4-methoxyphenyl)iodonium tosylate (140 mg, 0.25 mmol) and potassium tert-butoxide (28.5 mg, 0.25 mmol) were added under air and the mixture turned yellow. The reaction was stirred for 3 h, when the TLC showed almost complete consumption of the starting material (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 3:1, Rf 0.48). The mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and filtered. Then the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was subjected to column chromatography (heptane/EtOAc, 8:1 to 4:1) to provide the purified product 15 (92.6 mg, 0.15 mmol, 89%) as a colorless oil. −70.9 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.40–7.22 (m, 17H, ArH), 7.08 (bs, 1H, ArH), 7.02 (dd, 1H, J 8.0 Hz, J 2.4 Hz, ArH), 4.79 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.62 (d, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, H-1), 4.58 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.54 (d, 1H, J 12.4 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.50 (s, 2H, CH2Ph), 4.24 (dd, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 9.6 Hz, H-3a’), 4.19–4.15 (m, 1H, H-5), 4.08 (dd, 1H, J 9.6 Hz, J 8.0 Hz, H-3b’), 3.87 (dd, 1H, J 5.2 Hz, J 2.8 Hz, H-4), 3.85 (t, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, H-2), 3.80 (dd, 1H, J 10.0 Hz, J 6.8 Hz, H-6a), 3.72 (dd, 1H, J 10.0 Hz, J 5.2 Hz, H-6b), 3.57 (s, 1H, OCH3), 2.76–2.70 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 158.8, 138.30, 138.27, 137.9, 131.9 (q, J 32.1 Hz), 130.0, 128.49, 128.46, 128.3, 128.0, 127.9, 127.83, 127.77, 124.1 (q, J 271 Hz), 118.0, 117.6 (q, J 3.8 Hz), 111.5 (q, J 3.7 Hz), 101.3, 74.7, 73.6, 73.5, 73.3, 72.8, 71.9, 69.8, 64.6, 56.4, 39.6. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz): −62.6. HRMS calcd for C36H41F3NO6+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 640.2886, found: 640.2895.
3.6. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-Methoxymethyl-β-d-Gulopyranoside 16
Compound 14a (57 mg, 0.12 mmol) was stirred in a 5 mL round-bottom flask in dry THF (2 mL) for 5 min at 0 °C. Into the solution, NaH (6 mg, 0.24 mmol) was added and the stirring was continued at 0 °C for 5 min. Then, into the reaction mixture iodomethane dropwise was added and the reaction temperature increased to rt gradually. Stirring continued overnight when the TLC showed almost complete consumption of the starting material (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 3:2, Rf 0.53). Then, NaH was quenched with EtOAc and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to column chromatography (heptane/EtOAc, 6:1 to 3:1) to provide the purified product 16 (46 mg, 0.09 mmol, 78%). −62.5 (c 1.2, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.35–7.20 (m, 15H, ArH), 4.76 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.58 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.53 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, H-1), 4.48 (d, 2H, J 12.4 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.37 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.11–4.07 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.75–3.71 (m, 3H, H-2, H-4, H-6a), 3.67–3.61 (m, 2H, H-6b, CH2OCH3), 3.56–3.50 (m, 4H, CH2OCH3, OCH3), 3.29 (s, 3H, CH2OCH3), 2.58–2.52 (m, 3H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 138.8, 138.43, 138.39, 128.5, 128.43, 128.36, 128.1, 127.94, 128.90, 127.8, 127.74, 127.69, 127.66, 101.8, 75.1, 74.7, 73.7, 73.3, 73.2, 71.8, 70.2, 69.2, 59.0, 56.4, 40.2. HRMS calcd for C17H21NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 335.1369, found: 335.1369.
3.7. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-Azidomethyl-β-d-Gulopyranoside 17
Into a stirred solution of 14a (1.6 g, 3.35 mmol) in DCM (25 mL) containing Et3N (890 μL, 6.69 mmol) at 0 °C MsCl (390 μL, 5.02 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 min, and the solution was stirred for 4 h at rt (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 1:1, Rf 0.31). The solution was extracted with 1N HCl (2 × 50 mL) followed by sat’d NaHCO3 (2 × 50 mL), and the organic layer was dried (Na2SO4). The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give a yellow liquid that was dissolved in dry DMF (10 mL). Sodium azide (1.3 g, 20.08 mmol) was added and the solution was heated at 80 °C for 6 h to give a yellowish-brown mixture. The mixture was cooled at rt, water (50 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 × 40 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL) and dried (Na2SO4). The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give a yellow liquid that was then purified by flash chromatography (Heptane/EtOAc 8:1 to 3:1) to give compound 17 (1.4 g, 2.78 mmol, 83% from 14a) as a colorless liquid. −5.2 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.38–7.20 (m, 15H, ArH), 4.76 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.56 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.55 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.51 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, H-1), 4.48 (d, 1H, J 12.4 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.44 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.41 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.09–4.05 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.77–3.64 (m, 5H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2N3), 3.50 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.39 (dd, 1H, J 12.4 Hz, J 8.4 Hz, CH2N3), 2.42–2.36 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 138.4, 138.3, 137.9, 128.53, 128.52, 128.50, 128.2, 128.02, 127.95, 127.9, 127.8, 100.8, 75.0, 73.7, 73.6, 73.4, 72.5, 72.0, 69.6, 56.4, 48.6, 39.7. HRMS calcd for C29H33N3O5+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 521.2764, found: 521.2775.
3.8. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-[4-(3-Fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-Triazol-1-Yl-Methyl]-β-d-Gulopyranoside 18
A solution of azide 17 (53 mg, 0.10 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL), 1-Ethynyl-3-fluorobenzene (18.1 μL, 0.16 mmol), CuI (10 mol%, 2 mg) and DIPEA (28 μL, 0.16 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 h (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.58). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (10 mL) and the solution was washed with sat. NH4Cl (10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by flash column chromatography (heptane/EtOAc, 6:1 to 1:1) to give the corresponding triazole, 18 as white amorphous solid (56.4 mg, 0.09 mmol, 86%). −63 (c 0.6, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.52–7.04 (m, 20H, ArH), 4.80 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.63 (dd, 1H, J 6.8 Hz, J 14.0 Hz, H-3′), 4.60–4.44 (m, 7H, H-1, H-3′, CH2Ph), 4.35 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.26–4.22 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.79 (dd, 1H, J 10.0 Hz, J 7.2 Hz, H-6a), 3.74 (dd, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, J 3.2 Hz, H-4), 3.71 (dd, 1H, J 10.0 Hz, J 5.2 Hz, H-6b), 3.79 (t, 1H, J 4.8 Hz, H-2), 3.51 (s, 1H, OCH3), 2.68–2.61 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 163.3 (d, J 244 Hz), 146.8, 138.19, 138.16, 137.4, 132.8 (d, J 8.3 Hz), 130.5 (d, J 8.4 Hz), 128.7, 128.52, 128.51, 128.3, 128.2, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 121.3 (d, J 2.7 Hz), 120.6, 115.0 (d, J 22 Hz), 112.7 (d, J 23 Hz), 100.1, 75.2, 73.52, 73.47, 73.1, 72.5, 72.2, 69.4, 56.4, 47.4, 41.1. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz): −112.7. HRMS calcd for C37H38FN3O5+H+ (M+H)+: 624.2874, found: 624.2884.
3.9. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(Aminomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 19
Into a stirred solution of 17 (1.31 g, 2.60 mmol) in dry THF (20 mL) at 0 °C, LiAlH4 (148 mg, 3.9 mmol) was added in portions over 5 min under nitrogen atmosphere, and the solution was stirred for 1 h at rt (TLC DCM/MeOH, 15:1, Rf 0.44). After 30 min, TLC was checked which shows complete conversion of the azide into amine. Then, the reaction was quenched EtOAc and the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® (St. Louis, MO, USA). Then, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the crude was purified by column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 25:1) to give compound 19 (969 mg, 2.03 mmol, yield 78%) as a colorless oil. −36.2 (c 1.1, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.35–7.22 (m, 15H, ArH), 4.80 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.57–4.54 (m, 3H, H-1, CH2Ph), 4.51 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.47 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.42 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 3.97–3.93 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.74–3.65 (m, 4H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b), 3.52 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.08 (dd, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, J 12.8 Hz, CH2NH2), 2.68 (dd, 1H, J 12.8 Hz, J 6.4 Hz, CH2NH2), 2.32–2.27 (m, 1H, H-3), 1.99 (bs, 2H, CH2NH2). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 138.6, 138.3, 138.1, 128.53, 128.49, 128.4, 128.2, 128.0, 127.9, 127.83, 127.81, 127.77, 101.3, 76.2, 75.2, 73.6, 73.4, 72.9, 71.7, 69.7, 56.4, 42.7, 39.7. HRMS calcd for C29H35NO5+H+ (M+H)+: 478.2593, found: 478.2603.
3.10. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Fluorophenylureidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 20
A solution of amine 19 (61 mg, 0.13 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (2 mL), Et3N (35.6 μL, 0.26 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min under N2 atmosphere. Then into the solution phenyl isocyanate (29.2 μL, 0.26 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at rt for 12 h (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 1:1, Rf 0.32). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (10 mL) and the solution was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by flash column chromatography (heptane/EtOAc, 5:1 to 2:1) to give the corresponding semicarbazide 20 as a colorless oil (53.4 mg, 0.09 mmol, yield 68%). −83.1 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.39–7.12 (m, 17H, ArH), 6.85 (dd, 1H, J 1.2 Hz, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 6.71–6.66 (m, 1H, ArH), 6.11 (bs, 1H, NHCONHC6H4F), 5.30 (bs, 1H, NHCONHC6H4F), 4.79 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.59 (d, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, H-1), 4.55 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.49 (d, 1H, J 12.4 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.48–4.42 (m, 3H, CH2Ph), 4.03–3.99 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.74–3.65 (m, 4H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b), 3.51 (s, 1H, OCH3), 3.42 (dd, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 5.6 Hz, CH2NHCONHC6H4F), 3.34 (dd, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 7.6 Hz, CH2NHCONHC6H4F), 2.42–2.36 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 163.3 (d, J 243 Hz), 154.9, 140.6 (d, J 11 Hz), 138.4, 138.2, 137.9, 130.2 (d, J 9.5 Hz), 128.8, 128.5, 128.3, 128.2, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 114.8 (d, J 2.7 Hz), 109.7 (d, J 21.2 Hz), 106.9 (d, J 26 Hz), 100.7, 75.3, 73.54, 73.49, 73.0, 72.1, 69.4, 56.5, 39.8, 39.1. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz): −111.6. HRMS calcd for C36H40FN2O6+H+ (M+H)+: 615.2886, found: 615.2870.
3.11. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Amides 21, 22a–22l, and 23
To a solution of the amine (1 eq) in dry DCM (2 mL per 0.1 mmol) Et3N (2 eq) was added. Into the solution, acid chloride or anhydride (1.5 eq) was added and the solution was stirred at rt for 8 h. After that, 1(N) HCl solution was added to the reaction mixture and extracted with DCM and washed successively with saturated NaHCO3. After evaporating the solvents in vacuo, the crude material thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography using heptane–EtOAc (5:1 to 1:1) to give pure amides as colorless oils.
3.11.1. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-Phenylsulfonamidomethyl-β-d-Gulopyranoside 21
Compound 21 (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.21) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (55 mg, 0.12 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 65% yield (46.2 mg, 0.07 mmol). −55.7 (c 0.7, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.73–7.17 (m, 20H, ArH), 5.23 (dd, 1H, J 5.2 Hz, J 6.8 Hz, CH2NHSO), 4.75 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.53 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.50 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.45 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.42 (d, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, H-1), 4.39 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.36 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 3.90–3.87 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.70–3.60 (m, 4H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b), 3.47 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.17–3.10 (m, 1H, CH2NHSO), 3.00–2.93 (m, 1H, CH2NHSO), 2.41–2.35 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 139.7, 138.1, 137.9, 137.6, 132.6, 129.1, 128.7, 128.5, 128.2, 128.1, 127.94, 127.91, 127.8, 127.1, 100.5, 76.3, 74.8, 73.54, 73.50, 72.8, 71.8, 69.3, 56.3, 42.2, 39.1. HRMS calcd for C35H39NO7S+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 635.2788, found: 635.2791.
3.11.2. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(Benzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22a
Compound 22a (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.27) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (43 mg, 0.09 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 70% yield (37 mg, 0.06 mmol). −42.4 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.43–7.22 (m, 20H, ArH), 7.03 (t, 1H, J 5.6 Hz, CH2NHCO), 4.89 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.69 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, H-1), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.55–4.46 (m, 4H, CH2Ph), 4.07–4.03 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.82 (dd, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, J2,3 4.8 Hz, H-2), 3.79–3.68 (m, 4H, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2NHCO), 3.60–3.53 (m, 4H, OCH3, CH2NHCO), 2.51–2.46 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 166.8, 138.3, 138.2, 137.8, 134.2, 131.2, 128.7, 128.53, 128.51, 128.47, 128.3, 128.2, 128.0, 127.8, 126.9, 100.9, 77.9, 75.9, 74.3, 73.5, 73.1, 72.2, 69.4, 56.5, 39.8, 39.3. HRMS calcd for C36H39NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 582.2856, found: 582.2851.
3.11.3. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(Acetamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22b
Compound 22b (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 1:1, Rf 0.4) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (49 mg, 0.10 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 62% yield (33 mg, 0.06 mmol). −31.6 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.39–7.21 (m, 15H, ArH), 6.05 (bs, 1H, NHCOCH3), 4.83 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.59 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, H-1), 4.55 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.52–4.42 (m, 4H, CH2Ph), 3.98 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 2.8 Hz, H-5), 3.74–3.64 (m, 4H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.51–3.45 (m, 1H, CH2NHCO), 3.32–3.26 (s, 1H, CH2NHCO), 2.36–2.30 (m, 1H, H-3), 1.74 (s, 3H, NHCOCH3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 169.9, 138.4, 138.3, 137.9, 128.7, 128.5, 128.2, 128.12, 128.09, 127.94, 127.86, 127.7, 100.8, 77.1, 75.4, 73.8, 73.5, 73.0, 72.0, 69.4, 56.5, 39.7, 38.4, 23.2. HRMS calcd for C31H37NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 520.2699, found: 520.2704.
3.11.4. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(2-Fluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22c
Compound 22c (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.19) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (49 mg, 0.10 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 59% yield (31.5 mg, 0.06 mmol). −41.7 (c 0.7, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 8.05–8.01 (td, 1H, J 8.0 Hz, J 1.6 Hz, ArH), 7.48–7.43 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.36–7.16 (m, 17H, ArH), 7.07–7.02 (m, 1H, ArH), 4.84 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.65 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.8 Hz, H-1), 4.62 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.48 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.46 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.40 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.07 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 2.8 Hz, H-5), 3.79–3.58 (m, 6H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2NHCO), 3.54 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.49–2.43 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 163.2 (d, J 3.0 Hz), 160.6 (d, J 247 Hz), 138.3, 138.2, 137.8, 133.1 (d, J 9.0 Hz), 132.0 (d, J 2.0 Hz), 128.46, 128.45, 128.4, 128.3, 128.2, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 124.7 (d, J 3.1 Hz), 121.4 (d, J 12 Hz), 116.1 (d, J 24 Hz), 101.0, 76.3, 75.1, 73.6, 73.5, 72.9, 72.0, 69.5, 56.5, 40.0, 38.5. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz): -113.4. HRMS calcd for C36H38FNO6+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 617.3027, found: 617.3025.
3.11.5. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Fluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22d
Compound 22d (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.24) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (46 mg, 0.10 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 67% yield (48 mg, 0.06 mmol). −61.8 (c 0.7, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.36–6.99 (m, 20H, NHCO, ArH), 4.89 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.69 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, H-1), 4.58 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.54–4.47 (m, 4H, CH2Ph), 4.07 (td, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, J 2.8 Hz, H-5), 3.82 (dd, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, J2,3 4.8 Hz, H-2), 3.81–3.66 (m, 4H, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2NHCO), 3.60–3.54 (m, 4H, CH2NHCO, OCH3), 2.50–2.44 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 165.5 (d, J 2.2 Hz), 162.7 (d, J 246 Hz), 138.2, 138.0, 137.7, 136.6 (d, J 6.8 Hz), 130.0 (d, J 7.8 Hz), 128.7, 128.53, 128.50, 128.4, 128.29, 128.25, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 122.1 (d, J 3.0 Hz), 118.2 (d, J 22 Hz), 114.4 (d, J 23 Hz), 100.8, 78.8, 75.8, 74.3, 73.5, 73.0, 72.2, 69.3, 56.5, 39.6, 39.5. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz): −111.9. HRMS calcd for C36H38FNO6+H+ (M+H)+: 600.2761, found: 600.2772.
3.11.6. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(4-Fluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22e
Compound 22e (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.2) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (51 mg, 0.11 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 71% yield (45.4 mg, 0.08 mmol). +51.9 (c 0.6, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.36–7.23 (m, 17H, ArH), 7.05 (t, 1H, J 5.6 Hz, NHCO), 6.89–6.84 (m, 2H, ArH), 4.90 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.70 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, H-1), 4.58 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.54–4.48 (m, 4H, CH2Ph), 4.05 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 2.8 Hz, H-5), 3.83 (dd, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, J2,3 4.8 Hz, H-2), 3.80–3.67 (m, 4H, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2NHCO), 3.59–3.52 (m, 4H, CH2NHCO, OCH3), 2.52–2.46 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 165.7, 164.5 (d, J 250 Hz), 138.2, 138.1, 130.3 (d, J 3.0 Hz), 129.1 (d, J 8.9 Hz), 128.8, 128.6, 128.53, 128.52, 128.33, 128.28, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 115.4 (d, J 22 Hz), 100.8, 78.1, 76.0, 74.4, 73.5, 73.1, 72.2, 69.3, 56.5, 39.61, 39.58. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz): −108.8. HRMS calcd for C36H38FNO6+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 617.3027, found: 617.3038.
3.11.7. Methyl2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(3,4,5-Trifluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22f
Compound 22f (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.18) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (49 mg, 0.10 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 53% yield (34.6 mg, 0.06 mmol). −73.6 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.36–6.93 (m, 18H, ArH), 4.87 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.68 (d, 1H, J1,2 5.6 Hz, H-1), 4.58 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.51–4.48 (m, 4H, CH2Ph), 4.07 (td, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, J 3.6 Hz, H-5), 3.82–3.53 (m, 9H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, OCH3, CH2NHCO), 2.46–2.40 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 163.7, 151.0 (ddd, J 3.4 Hz, J 10.2 Hz, J 251 Hz), 141.9 (dt, J 15.2 Hz, J 255 Hz), 138.2, 137.9, 137.7, 130.4–130.2 (m), 128.8, 128.6, 128.53, 128.47, 128.29, 128.27, 128.2, 127.90, 127.85, 111.5 (dd, J 6.1 Hz, J 16 Hz), 100.5, 78.1, 75.8, 74.3, 73.6, 73.0, 72.3, 69.3, 56.5, 40.0, 39.3. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz): -132.1 (d, J 20 Hz), −155.7 (t, J 20 Hz). HRMS calcd for C36H36F3NO6+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 653.2838, found: 653.2845.
3.11.8. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22g
Compound 22g (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.17) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (45 mg, 0.09 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 49% yield (31 mg, 0.05 mmol). −75.7 (c 0.5, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.36–7.20 (m, 15H, ArH), 6.81 (t, 1H, J 5.6 Hz, CH2NHCO), 4.89 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.65 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, H-1), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.51 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.48 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.47 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.42 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.06 (td, 1H, J 6.8 Hz, J 3.6 Hz, H-5), 3.81 (dd, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, J2,3 3.6 Hz, H-2), 3.78–3.69 (m, 3H, H-4, H-6a, H-6b), 3.63–3.58 (m, 2H, CH2NHCO), 3.54 (s, 1H, OCH3), 2.45–3.39 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 156.9, 145.1–144.9 (m), 142.6–142.4 (m), 140.9–140.6 (m), 138.8–138.5 (m), 138.2, 137.9, 137.7, 136.3–136.0 (m), 128.5, 128.2, 128.1, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 111.9–111.5 (m), 106.4, 100.3, 77.8, 75.4, 73.9, 73.5, 72.4, 69.3, 56.5, 39.8, 38.9. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz): −140.5 to −140.6 (m, 2F), −151.7 (t, 1F, J 21 Hz), −160.1 to −160.3 (m, 2F). HRMS calcd for C36H34F5NO6+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 689.2650, found: 689.2656.
3.11.9. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Methoxybenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22h
Compound 22h (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 1:1, Rf 0.45) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (47 mg, 0.10 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 51% yield (30.7 mg, 0.05 mmol). −43.2 (c 0.5, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.35–7.21 (m, 17H, ArH), 7.08 (t, 1H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.00 (m, 2H, CH2NHCO, ArH), 6.75–6.72 (m, 1H, ArH), 4.87 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.68 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, H-1), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.54 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.51 (d, 1H, J 12.8 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.48 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.45 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.05 (td, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, J 2.8 Hz, H-5), 3.83 (dd, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, J2,3 5.2 Hz, H-2), 3.79 (s, 3H, C6H4OCH3), 3.78–3.67 (m, 5H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2NHCO), 3.59–3.53 (m, 4H, CH2NHCO, OCH3), 2.50–2.45 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 166.8, 159.9, 138.3, 138.2, 137.8, 129.5, 128.7, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 128.1, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 118.4, 117.7, 112.3, 100.9, 77.6, 75.8, 74.2, 73.5, 73.1, 72.1, 69.4, 56.5, 55.5, 39.8, 39.2. HRMS calcd for C37H41NO7+H+ (M+H)+: 612.2961, found: 612.2972.
3.11.10. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(p-Toluamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22i
Compound 22i (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.24) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (51 mg, 0.11 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 61% yield (38.8 mg, 0.07 mmol). −56.2 (c 0.5, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.35–7.21 (m, 17H, ArH), 7.04 (d, 1H, J 7.6 Hz, ArH), 6.96 (t, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, CH2NHCO), 4.88 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.68 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, H-1), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.53 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.51 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.48 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.45 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.04 (td, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, J 2.8 Hz, H-5), 3.82 (dd, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, J2,3 5.2 Hz, H-2), 3.78–3.67 (m, 3H, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2NHCO), 3.58–3.52 (m, 4H, CH2NHCO, OCH3), 2.51–2.45 (m, 1H, H-3), 2.36 (s, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 166.8, 141.6, 138.3, 138.2, 137.9, 131.4, 130.3, 129.24, 129.16, 128.7, 128.52, 128.51, 128.4, 128.3, 128.1, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 126.9, 101.0, 77.8, 75.9, 74.2, 73.5, 73.1, 72.1, 69.4, 56.5, 39.9, 39.2, 21.5. HRMS calcd for C37H41NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 596.3012, found: 596.3019.
3.11.11. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(3,5-Dimethoxybenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22j
Compound 22j (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.22) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (53 mg, 0.11 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 67% yield (48 mg, 0.07 mmol). −39.5 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.35–7.18 (m, 15H, ArH), 6.82 (t, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, NHCO), 6.72 (d, 2H, J 2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.54 (t, 1H, J 2.4 Hz, ArH), 4.84 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.65 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, H-1), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.56 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.48 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.47 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.43 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.03 (td, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, J 2.8 Hz, H-5), 3.78 (dd, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, J2,3 4.8 Hz, H-2), 3.75–3.65 (m, 10H, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2NHCO, 2 × OCH3), 3.57–3.52 (m, 4H, CH2NHCO, OCH3), 2.47–2.41 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 167.1, 160.9, 163.3, 138.3, 138.2, 137.8, 136.8, 128.7, 128.5, 128.2, 128.1, 128.0, 127.93, 127.88, 127.8, 104.9, 103.6, 100.9, 77.2, 75.6, 73.9, 73.5, 73.1, 72.1, 69.5, 56.5, 55.6, 39.9, 39.0. HRMS calcd for C38H43NO8+H+ (M+H)+: 642.3066, found: 642.3067.
3.11.12. Methyl 2,4,6-tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Trifluoromethylbenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22k
Compound 22k (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.25) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (43 mg, 0.09 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 55% yield (32.2 mg, 0.05 mmol). −38.7 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 8.00 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.69–7.66 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.34–7.21 (m, 17H, ArH), 7.09 (t, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, CH2NHCO), 4.88 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.69 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, H-1), 4.58 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.53 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.51–4.47 (m, 3H, CH2Ph), 4.07 (s td, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, J 3.2 Hz, H-5), 3.83 (dd, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 4.8 Hz, H-2), 3.81–3.68 (m, 4H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2NHCO), 3.62–3.59 (m, 1H, CH2NHCO), 3.56 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.50–2.45 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 165.5, 138.2, 138.1, 137.8, 135.1, 133.4 131.2 (q, J 32 Hz), 129.5, 129.2, 129.1, 128.7, 128.54, 128.52, 128.4, 128.31, 128.25, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 125.2, 124.6 (q, J 3.7 Hz), 123.7 (q, J 271 Hz), 100.8, 77.8, 75.8, 74.3, 73.6, 73.1, 72.2, 69.3, 56.5, 39.62, 39.61. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz): −62.7. HRMS calcd for C37H38F3NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 650.2729, found: 650.2727.
3.11.13. Methyl 2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(4-Phenylbenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 22l
Compound 22l (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.32) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (60 mg, 0.13 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 55% yield (45.5 mg, 0.07 mmol). −47.8 (c 0.9, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.61–7.24 (m, 24H, ArH), 7.10 (t, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, CH2NHCO), 4.92 (d, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.72 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.4 Hz, H-1), 4.59 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.57–4.48 (m, 4H, CH2Ph), 4.08 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 2.8 Hz, H-5), 3.85 (dd, 1H, J1,2 6.0 Hz, J2,3 4.8 Hz, H-2), 3.82–3.70 (m, 4H, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, CH2NHCO), 3.64–3.59 (m, 1H, CH2NHCO), 3.58 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.55–2.50 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 166.5, 143.9, 140.3, 138.3, 138.2, 137.9, 132.9, 129.0, 128.7, 128.53, 128,49, 128.3, 128.2, 128.02, 127.98, 127.9, 127.8, 127.4, 127.24, 127.15, 100.9, 77.9, 75.9, 74.3, 73.5, 73.1, 72.2, 69.4, 56.5, 39.8, 39.4. HRMS calcd for C42H43NO6+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 675.3434, found: 675.3433.
3.11.14. Methyl 2,4,6-tri-O-Benzyl-3-Deoxy-3-C-(Diphenylphosphonamidomethyl)-β-d-Gulopyranoside 23
Compound 23 (TLC heptane/EtOAc, 2:1, Rf 0.26) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.11 from the amine 19 (52 mg, 0.11 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 69% yield (53.3 mg, 0.08 mmol). −77.8 (c 0.7, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 7.36–7.13 (m, 20H, ArH), 4.76 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.55–49 (m, 3H, H-1, CH2Ph), 4.45 (d, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.34 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.28 (d, 1H, J 11.6 Hz, CH2Ph), 3.95–92 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.71–3.58 (m, 5H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b, NHPO(OPh)2), 3.47 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.40–3.31 (m, 1H, CH2NHSO), 3.15–3.09 (m, 1H, CH2NHSO), 2.33–2.27 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 150.9 (dd, J 6.7 Hz, J 2.4 Hz), 138.22, 138.21, 137.9, 128.6, 128.51, 128.45, 128.1, 128.0, 127.93, 127.87, 127.8, 125.0 (d, J 4.3 Hz), 120.3 (d, J 5.0 Hz, J 8.0 Hz), 100.8, 76.1, 74.9, 73.6, 73.4, 72.8, 71.8, 69.5, 56.5, 42.1 (d, J 1.8 Hz), 40.2. 31P NMR (CDCl3, 162 MHz): -1.01. HRMS calcd for C41H44PNO8+H+ (M+H)+: 710.2883, found: 710.2889.
3.12. General Procedure the Synthesis of 1a, 1b, 2–6, 7a–7l, and 8
A solution of crude in EtOAc/isopropanol (1:3) was stirred with Pd(OH)2/C (10% wt., 1 mg per 4 mg of crude) under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 12 h. All the hydrogenation reactions were carried out in an EtOAc-isopropanol mixture (1:3, 4 mL). After the completion of the reaction (as indicated by TLC), the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite bed and washed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified through the flash column (DCM:MeOH) to get the desired compounds as white amorphous solids or colorless oils.
3.12.1. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-Hydroxymethyl-β-d-Gulopyranoside 1a
Compound 1a (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 5:1, Rf 0.41) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the alcohol 14a (63 mg, 0.13 mmol). Obtained as a white amorphous solid in 51% yield (14 mg, 0.07 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 12:1–5:1). −50.7 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 4.39 (d, 1H, J 7.6 Hz, H-1), 3.96 (dd, 1H, J3,4 4.0 Hz, J4,5 2.0 Hz, H-4), 3.92 (dd, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, J 5.6 Hz, CH2OH), 3.86 (dd, 1H, J1,2 7.6 Hz, J2,3 6.0 Hz H-2), 3.84–3.74 (m, 3H, H-5, H-6a, H-6b), 3.67 (dd, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, J 8.4 Hz, CH2OH), 3.51 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.32–2.26 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 125 MHz): 104.0, 76.1, 69.0, 68.3, 63.1, 59.6, 56.8, 49.0. HRMS calcd for C8H16O6-H+ (M-H)+: 207.0869, found: 207.0865.
3.12.2. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-Hydroxymethyl-β-d-Galactopyranoside 1b
Compound 1b (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 5:1, Rf 0.40) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the alcohol 14b (46 mg, 0.10 mmol). Obtained as a white amorphous solid in 63% yield (12.6 mg, 0.06 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 12:1–6:1). −32.1 (c 0.5, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 500 MHz): 4.16 (d, 1H, J 7.6 Hz, H-1), 3.97 (d, 1H, J3,4 2.4 Hz, H-4), 3.90 (dd, 1H, J 10.4 Hz, J 4.4 Hz, CH2OH), 3.78 (dd, 1H, J 10.8 Hz, J 8.4 Hz, H-2), 3.72 (dd, 1H, J 5.6 Hz, H-6a, H-6b), 3.55–3.51 (m, 4H, H-5, OCH3), 3.44 (dd, 1H, J 10.8 Hz, J 7.6 Hz, CH2OH), 1.73–1.66 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 125 MHz): 107.6, 79.8, 68.8, 67.1, 62.7, 61.2, 57.1, 49.0. HRMS calcd for C8H16O6+Na+ (M+Na)+: 231.0845, found: 231.0840.
3.12.3. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Trifluoromethylphenoxymethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 2
Compound 2 (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.5) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the ether 15 (53 mg, 0.09 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 75% yield (22.5 mg, 0.06 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–12:1). −12.8 (c 0.7, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.46 (t, 1H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.23–7.21 (m, 3H, ArH), 4.50 (d, 1H, J 7.2 Hz, H-1), 4.35 (dd, 1H, J 4.8 Hz, J 10.0 Hz, CH2OH), 4.22 (t, 1H, J 8.8 Hz, CH2OH), 4.08 (bs, 1H, H-4), 3.97–3.94 (m, 2H, H-2, H-5), 3.78 (d, 2H, J 6.0 Hz, H-6a, H-6b), 3.54 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.64–2.58 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 160.6, 132.8 (q*, J 32 Hz), 131.4, 125.5 (q*, J 270 Hz), 119.3, 118.3 (br q, J 3.7 Hz), 112.4 (br q, J 3.8 Hz), 104.1, 76.1, 68.2, 68.1, 65.9, 62.9, 56.8, 46.1. 19F NMR (CD3OD, 376 MHz): −64.2. HRMS calcd for C15H20F3O6+H+ (M+H)+: 353.1212, found: 353.1208.
3.12.4. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-Methoxymethyl-β-d-Galactopyranoside 3
Compound 3 (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.5) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from 16 (36 mg, 0.07 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 64% yield (10.4 mg, 0.05 mmol). −33.4 (c 0.5, CH3OH) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 15:1–9:1). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 4.41 (d, 1H, J 7.6 Hz, H-1), 3.93 (dd, 1H, J4,5 3.2 Hz, J3,4 2.0 Hz, H-4), 3.88–3.82 (m, 2H, H-2, H-5), 3.73 (d, 2H, J 6.0 Hz, H-6a, H-6b), 3.65 (dd, 1H, J 10.0 Hz, J 4.8 Hz, CH2OCH3), 3.57 (dd, 1H, J 10.0 Hz, J 4.8 Hz, CH2OCH3), 3.50 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.33 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.38–2.34 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 104.1, 76.3, 70.2, 68.7, 68.5, 63.1, 59.1, 56.8, 46.6. HRMS calcd for C9H18O6+Na+ (M+Na)+: 245.1001, found: 245.1004.
3.12.5. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-[4-(3-Fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-Triazol-1-Ylmethyl]-β-d-Galactopyranoside 4
Compound 4 (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.43) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from triazole 18 (55 mg, 0.09 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 78% yield (24.3 mg, 0.07 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–9:1). −20.5 (c 0.7, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 8.40 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.65–7.05 (m, 4H, ArH), 4.80 (dd, 1H, J 14.4 Hz, J 6.0 Hz, CH2N3C8H5F), 4.63 (dd, 1H, J 14.4 Hz, J 9.2 Hz, CH2OH), 4.48 (d, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, H-1), 4.02–3.99 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.82–3.78 (m, 4H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.72–2.66 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 164.3 (d, J 243 Hz), 147.7 (d, J 3.1 Hz), 134.0 (d, J 8.3 Hz), 131.8 (d, J 8.4 Hz), 123.4, 122.4 (d, J 2.5 Hz), 115.9 (d, J 21 Hz), 113.2 (d, J 23 Hz), 103.6, 75.8, 68.0, 67.4, 62.8, 56.8, 48.2, 46.8. HRMS calcd for C16H20FN3O5+H+ (M+H)+: 354.1465, found: 354.1462.
3.12.6. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Fluorophenylureido)Methyl-β-d-Galactopyranoside 5
Compound 5 (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.44) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from 20 (50 mg, 0.0814 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 41% yield (11.5 mg, 0.03 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 12:1–5:1). −17.3 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.34 (dt, 1H, J 12.0 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.24–6.64 (m, 3H, ArH), 4.44 (d, 1H, J 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.90–3.83 (m, 3H, H-2, H-4, H-5), 4.22 (t, 1H, J 8.8 Hz, CH2OH), 4.08 (bs, 1H, H-4), 3.97–3.94 (m, 2H, H-2, H-5), 3.78–3.76 (d, 2H, H-6a, H-6b), 3.52 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.47 (dd, 1H, J 14.4 Hz, J 6.4 Hz, CH2NHCONH), 3.41 (dd, 1H, J 14.4 Hz, J 7.6 Hz, CH2NHCONH), 2.27–2.21 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 164.5 (d, J 240 Hz), 158.0, 143.0 (d, J 11 Hz), 131.0 (d, J 9.8 Hz), 115.2 (d, J 3.2 Hz), 109.4 (d, J 22 Hz), 106.7 (d, J 22 Hz), 103.8, 76.1, 69.2, 69.0, 63.0, 56.9, 46.8, 38.0. HRMS calcd for C15H21FN2O6+H+ (M+H)+: 354.1462, found: 345.1459.
3.12.7. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(Phenylsufonamido)Methyl-β-d-Galactopyranoside 6
Compound 6 (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.45) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from amide 21 (39 mg, 0.06 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 53% yield (11.6 mg, 0.03 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–10:1). −21.4 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.88–7.56 (m, 5H, ArH), 4.26 (d, 1H, J 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.93 (d, 1H, J 3.6 Hz, H-4), 3.80 (dd, 1H, J1,2 7.2 Hz, J2,3 6.0 Hz, H-2), 3.76–3.70 (m, 3H, H-5, H-6a, H-6b), 3.20 (dd, 1H, J 5.2 Hz, J 11.2 Hz, CH2NH), 3.20 (dd, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, J 10.0 Hz, CH2NH), 2.26–2.21 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 141.7, 133.7, 130.3, 128.0, 103.5, 75.7, 68.4, 67.9, 63.2, 56.8, 46.3, 40.6. HRMS calcd for C14H21NO7S+H+ (M+H)+: 348.1117, found: 348.1115.
3.12.8. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-Benzamidomethyl-β-d-Gulopyranoside 7a
Compound 7a (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.41) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22a (35 mg, 0.05 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 59% yield (11 mg, 0.04 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–10:1). −6.5 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.82–7.80 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.56–7.52 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.49–7.44 (m, 2H, ArH), 4.48 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.8 Hz, H-1), 3.95 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 2.4 Hz, H-5), 3.89–3.86 (m, 2H, H-2, H-4), 3.79 (d, 1H, J6a,6b 12.4 Hz, J5,6a 5.6 Hz, H-6a), 3.75 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 12.4 Hz, J5,6b 5.6 Hz, H-6b), 3.68 (dd, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 6.4 Hz, CH2NH), 3.61 (dd, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, J 6.4 Hz, CH2NH), 3.54 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.42–2.35 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 170.5, 135.6, 132.7, 129.6, 128.2, 103.7, 76.0, 69.0, 68.7, 63.1, 56.8, 46.4, 37.8. HRMS calcd for C14H19NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 289.1291, found: 298.1289.
3.12.9. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-Acetamidomethyl-β-d-Gulopyranoside 7b
Compound 7b (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.42) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22b (27 mg, 0.05 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 75% yield (9.7 mg, 0.04 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 15:1–7:1). −1.5 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 4.40 (d, 1H, J1,2 6.8 Hz, H-1), 3.88–3.84 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.82–371 (m, 4H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-6b), 3.51 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.44 (dd, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 6.0 Hz, CH2NH), 3.38 (dd, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 8.8 Hz, CH2NH), 2.24–2.18 (m, 1H, H-3), 1.95 (s, 3H, NHCOCH3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 173.6, 103.6, 75.9, 68.7, 68.5, 63.1, 56.8, 46.3, 37.1, 22.6. HRMS calcd for C10H19NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 250.1291, found: 250.1291.
3.12.10. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(2-Fluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7c
Compound 7c (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.4) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22c (33 mg, 0.06 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 69% yield (12.5 mg, 0.04 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–9:1). −9.3 (c 0.5, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.76 (td, 1H, J 7.6 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.56–7.50 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.28 (td, 1H, J 7.6 Hz, J 0.8 Hz, ArH), 7.20 (ddd, 1H, J 11.2 Hz, J 8.4 Hz, J 0.8 Hz, ArH), 4.48 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.93–3.86 (m, 3H, H-2, H-4, H-5), 3.77 (d, 2H, J5,6a, J5,6b 5.6 Hz, H-6a, H-6b), 3.66 (d, 2H, J 7.2 CH2NH), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.42–2.34 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 166.7, 161.4 (d, J 248 Hz), 134.2 (d, J 8.8 Hz), 131.6 (d, J 2.3 Hz), 125.7 (d, J 3.4 Hz), 123.9 (d, J 14 Hz), 131.6 (d, J 23 Hz), 103.7, 76.0, 69.0, 68.8, 63.1, 56.9, 46.1, 38.1. 19F NMR (CD3OD, 376 MHz): −116.0. HRMS calcd for C15H20FNO6+H+ (M+H)+: 330.1353, found: 330.1352.
3.12.11. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Fluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7d
Compound 7d (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.45) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22d (35 mg, 0.06 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 59% yield (11.3 mg, 0.03 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–10:1). −14.6 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.65–7.26 (m, 4H, ArH), 4.47 (d, 1H, J 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.94 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, H-5), 3.88–3.85 (m, 2H, H-2, H-4), 3.77 (d, 2H, J 5.6 Hz, H-6a, H-6b), 3.67 (dd, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 6.4 Hz, CH2OH), 3.67 (dd, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 9.2 Hz, CH2OH), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.41–2.35 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 168.9 (d, J 2.7 Hz), 164.1 (d, J 244 Hz), 138.0 (d, J 6.8 Hz), 131.6 (d, J 7.9 Hz), 124.0 (d, J 2.9 Hz), 119.4 (d, J 22 Hz), 115.2 (d, J 23 Hz), 103.6, 75.9, 68.9, 68.6, 63.1, 56.8, 46.4, 37.8. HRMS calcd for C15H20FNO6+H+ (M+H)+: 330.1353, found: 330.1354.
3.12.12. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(4-Fluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7e
Compound 7e (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.44) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22e (40 mg, 0.07 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 53% yield (11.6 mg, 0.04 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–9:1). −16.4 (c 0.5, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.89–7.84 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.22–7.16 (m, 2H, ArH), 4.47 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.94 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 3.0 Hz, H-5), 3.88–3.85 (m, 2H, H-2, H-4), 3.78 (d, 1H, J6a,6b 11.6 Hz, J5,6a 5.6 Hz, H-6a), 3.75 (d, 1H, J6a,6b 11.6 Hz, J5,6b 5.6 Hz, H-6b), 3.66 (d, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 6.4 Hz, CH2NH), 3.61 (d, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 6.4 Hz, CH2NH), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.40–2.34 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 169.3, 166.2 (d, J 249 Hz), 131.9 (d, J 3.0 Hz), 130.8 (d, J 8.9 Hz), 116.4 (d, J 22 Hz), 103.7, 75.9, 69.0, 68.6, 63.1, 56.8, 46.4, 37.8. 19F NMR (CD3OD, 376 MHz): −110.7. HRMS calcd for C15H20FNO6+H+ (M+H)+: 330.1353, found: 330.1354.
3.12.13. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(3,4,5-Trifluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7f
Compound 7f (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.47) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22f (31 mg, 0.05 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 70% yield (12.5 mg, 0.03 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–9:1). −13.5 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.66–7.59 (m, 2H, ArH), 4.45 (d, 1H, J 6.8 Hz, H-1), 4.00 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, H-5), 3.87–3.84 (m, 2H, H-2, H-4), 3.76 (d, 2H, J 5.6 Hz, H-6a, H-6b), 3.66 (dd, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 6.0 Hz, CH2NH), 3.59 (dd, 1H, J 14.0 Hz, J 9.2 Hz, CH2NH), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.40–2.40–2.34 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 166.7, 152.3 (ddd, 248.3 Hz, J 9.8 Hz, J 3.8 Hz), 143.0 (dt, J 254 Hz, J 16 Hz,), 132.2–132.0 (m), 113.1 (dd, J 17 Hz, J 6.1 Hz), 103.7, 75.9, 68.8, 68.5, 63.1, 56.8, 46.3, 38.0. 19F NMR (CD3OD, 376 MHz): −135.7 (d, J 20 Hz). −159.1 (t, J 20 Hz). HRMS calcd for C15H18F3NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 366.1164, found: 366.1161.
3.12.14. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorobenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7g
Compound 7g (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.38) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22g (30 mg, 0.04 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 83% yield (14.9 mg, 0.04 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–8:1). −18.9 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 4.46 (d, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, H-1), 3.94–3.85 (m, 4H, H-2, H-4, H-5), 3.79 (dd, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 11.2 Hz, H-6a), 3.79 (dd, 1H, J 5.2 Hz, J 11.2 Hz, H-6a), 3.68 (dd, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, J 14.4 Hz, CH2NHCO), 3.62 (dd, 1H, J 14.4 Hz, J 8.8 Hz, CH2NHCO), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.38–2.32 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 159.9, 146.4, 144.0, 140.2, 137.6, 103.6, 75.8, 68.5, 68.4, 63.2, 56.9, 46.3, 37.7. 19F NMR (CD3OD, 376 MHz): −143.8 to −143.2 (m), −155.2 to −155.3 (m), −163.7 to −163.9 (m). HRMS calcd for C15H16F5NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 402.0976, found: 402.0974.
3.12.15. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Methoxybenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7h
Compound 7h (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.42) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22h (28 mg, 0.03 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 66% yield (10.3 mg, 0.03 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–10:1). −9.5 (c 0.5, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 8.47 (t, J 5.2 Hz, CONH), 7.38–7.33 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.08 (m, 1H, ArH), 4.47 (d, 1H, J 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.94 (td, 1H, J 5.6 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, H-5), 3.88–3.85 (m, 2H, H-2, H-4), 3.84 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.78 (d, 2H, J 5.6 Hz, H-6a, H-6b), 3.66–3.62 (m, 2H, CH2NN), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.41–2.35 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 170.3, 161.3, 137.0, 130.7, 120.3, 118.5, 113.6, 103.7, 75.9, 70.0, 68.6, 63.1, 56.9, 55.9, 46.4, 37.8. HRMS calcd for C16H23NO7+H+ (M+H)+: 342.1553, found: 342.1555.
3.12.16. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(p-Toluamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7i
Compound 7i (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.48) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22i (32 mg, 0.05 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 53% yield (11.9 mg, 0.04 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–10:1). −4.8 (c 0.5, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.72–7.69 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.27 (d, 2H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 4.47 (d, 1H, J 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.94 (td, 1H, J 5.6 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, H-5), 3.88–3.85 (m, 2H, H-2, H-4), 3.77 (d, 2H, J 5.6 Hz, H-6a, H-6b), 3.66–3.62 (m, 2H, CH2NN), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.39–2.34 (m, 1H, H-3, CH3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 170.4, 143.4, 132.7, 130.2, 128.2, 103.7, 76.0, 69.0, 68.7, 63.2, 56.9, 46.4, 37.7, 21.4. HRMS calcd for C16H23NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 326.1604, found: 326.1603.
3.12.17. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(3,5-Dimethoxybenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7j
Compound 7j (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.43) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22j (24 mg, 0.04 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 62% yield (10 mg, 0.03 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–9:1). −25.7 (c 0.5, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 6.96 (d, 1H, J 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.63 (t, 1H, J 2.0 Hz, ArH), 4.47 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.94 (td, 1H, J 5.6 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, H-5), 3.88–3.85 (m, 2H, H-2, H-4), 3.82 (s, 6H, 2×OCH3), 3.77 (d, 2H, J 6.0 Hz), 3.67–3.57 (m, 2H, CH2NH), 3.53 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.40–2.34 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 170.2, 162.4, 137.6, 106.1, 104.5, 103.7, 75.9, 69.0, 68.6, 63.1, 56.8, 56.0, 46.4, 37.8. HRMS calcd for C17H25NO8+H+ (M+H)+: 372.1658, found: 372.1663.
3.12.18. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(3-Trifluoromethylbenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7k
Compound 7k (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.51) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22k (25 mg, 0.04 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 66% yield (11.2 mg, 0.03 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–10:1). −3.9 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 8.13 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.08 (t, 1H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.85 (d, 1H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.68 (t, 1H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 4.47 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.95 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, H-5), 3.89–3.86 (m, 2H, H-2, H-4), 3.79 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 12.0 Hz, J5,6a 6.0 Hz, H-6a), 3.76 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 12.0 Hz, J5,6b 6.0 Hz, H-6b), 3.69 (dd, 1H, J 13.6 Hz, J 5.6 Hz, CH2NH), 3.63 (dd, 1H, J 13.6 Hz, J 9.2 Hz, CH2NH), 3.54 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.43–2.37 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 125 MHz): 168.7, 136.7, 132.0 (q, J 32 Hz), 131.9, 130.6, 129.2 (q J 3.6 Hz), 125.4 (q, J 270 Hz), 125.1 (q, J 4.0 Hz), 103.7, 75.9, 68.9, 68.6, 63.1, 56.9, 46.5, 37.8. 19F NMR (CD3OD, 376 MHz): −64.2. HRMS calcd for C16H20F3NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 380.1321, found: 380.1321.
3.12.19. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(4-Phenylbenzamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 7l
Compound 7l (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.54) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 22l (39 mg, 0.06 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 67% yield (15.4 mg, 0.04 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 20:1–12:1). −21.4 (c 0.7, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.70 (dd, 2H, J 6.8 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.71 (dd, 2H, J 6.8 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.65 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.48–7.44 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.40–7.35 (m, 1H, ArH), 4.49 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.96 (td, 1H, J 6.0 Hz, J 2.4 Hz, H-5), 3.82–3.75 (m, 2H, H-6a, H-6b), 3.73–3.62 (m, 2H, CH2NH), 3.54 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.44–2.38 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 170.1, 145.7, 141.2, 134.2, 130.0, 129.1, 128.8, 128.11, 128.07, 103.7, 76.0, 69.0, 68.7, 63.2, 56.9, 46.4, 37.8. HRMS calcd for C21H25NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 388.1760, found: 388.1761.
3.12.20. Methyl 3-Deoxy-3-C-(Diphenylphosphonamidomethyl)-β-d-Galactopyranoside 8
Compound 8 (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.45) was prepared according to the general procedure 3.12 from the amide 23 (43 mg, 0.06 mmol). Obtained as a colorless oil in 50% yield (13.3 mg, 0.03 mmol) from flash column chromatography (DCM:MeOH 15:1–9:1). −18.6 (c 0.7, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.40 (t, 4H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.29–7.21 (m, 6H, ArH), 4.36 (d, 1H, J 7.2 Hz, H-1), 3.90 (dd, 1H, J 4.0 Hz, J 2.0 Hz, H-4), 3.83 (dd, 1H, J 7.2 Hz, J 5.6 Hz, H-2), 3.79–3.76 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.71 (dd, 1H, J5,6a 10.4 Hz, J6a,6b 4.4 Hz, H-6a), 3.71 (dd, 1H, J5,6b 10.8 Hz, J6a,6b 4.4 Hz, H-6b), 3.51 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.50–3.44 (m, 1H, CH2NH), 3.17–3.08 (m, 1H, CH2NH), 2.28–2.22 (m, 1H, H-3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 152.2 (dd, J 6.2 Hz, J 2.7 Hz), 130.9, 126.3 (d, J 3.1 Hz), 121.4 (dd, J 4.6 Hz, J 11.1 Hz), 103.6, 75.7, 68.7, 68.1, 63.2, 56.8, 47.4 (d, 5.7 Hz), 39.2. 31P NMR (CD3OD, 162 MHz): −1.0. HRMS calcd for C20H26PNO8+H+ (M+H)+: 440.1474, found: 440.1470.
3.13. Methyl 2,3-Di-O-Acetyl-β-d-Gulopyranoside 25
Compound 24 (300 mg, 0.82 mmol) was dissolved in 80% aqueous AcOH (5 mL) and the solution was stirred at 80 °C for 2 h. When the TLC (TLC, heptane/EtOAc, 1:2, Rf 0.39) showed complete consumption of the starting material, the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure and co-evaporated twice with toluene (10 mL). Then, the crude was purified via flash chromatography (Heptane/EtOAc, 3:1–1:2) to obtain pure compound 25 (191 mg, 0.69 mmol, 84%) as a white foam. −30.4 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 5.35 (t, 1H, J2,3 3.6 Hz, H-3), 5.10 (dd, 1H, J1,2 8.0 Hz, J2,3 3.6 Hz, H-2), 4.68 (d, 1H, J 8.0 Hz, H-1), 3.93–3.89 (m, 4H, H4, H-5, H-6a, H-6b), 3.52 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.11 (s, 3H, COCH3), 2.03 (s, 3H, COCH3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 170.0, 169.9, 99.9, 73.3, 70.6, 69.0, 68.4, 62.8, 56.9, 20.98, 20.95. HRMS calcd for C11H18O8+Na+ (M+Na)+: 301.0899, found: 301.0898.
3.14. Methyl β-d-Gulopyranoside 9
Compound 25 (120 mg, 0.43 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (3 mL). NaOMe (1.0 mL, 0.5 M in MeOH) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 5:1, Rf 0.3). The solution was neutralized with DOWEX 50 W H+ resin, filtered and the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure and the crude was purified via flash chromatography (DCM/MeOH, 7:1–3:1) to obtain pure compound 9 (46 mg, 0.23 mmol, 55%) as a colorless oil. −19.2 (c 0.9, CH3OH). 1H NMR (D2O, 400 MHz): 4.60 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.4 Hz, H-1), 4.05 (t, 1H, J3,4 3.6 Hz, H-4), 4.00–3.96 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.80 (dd, 1H, J3,4 3.6 Hz, J4,5 1.2 Hz, H-4), 3.75 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 12.0 Hz, J5,6a 6.4 Hz, H-6a), 3.76 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 12.0 Hz, J5,6a 4.8 Hz, H-6b), 3.76 (dd, 1H, J1,2 8.4 Hz, J2,3 3.6 Hz, H-2), 3.56 (s, 3H, OCH3). 13C NMR (D2O, 100 MHz): 101.5, 73.8, 71.1, 69.3, 68.0, 61.0, 56.9. HRMS calcd for C7H14O6+Na+ (M+Na)+: 217.0688, found: 217.0687.
3.15. Methyl 3-Azido-2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzoyl-3-Deoxy-β-d-Gulopyranoside 29
Triflic anhydride (235 μL, 1.4 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 26 (400 mg, 1.4 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) and pyridine (451 μL, 5.6 mmol) at −30 °C and under N2 atmosphere after which the reaction was allowed to reach rt under 2 h. BzCl (179 μL, 1.54 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for another 2 h before the reaction was diluted with DCM (25 mL) and washed with saturated NaHCO3 (2 × 25 mL). The combined aqueous phases were extracted with DCM (40 mL). The pooled organic phases were dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give crude 27. Sodium azide (637 mg, 9.8 mmol) was added to the crude 27 (≤1.4 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) and the reaction was stirred overnight at 70 °C under N2 atmosphere. The reaction was concentrated to give crude 28, which was dissolved in 90% AcOH (20 mL) and heated at 80 °C for 3 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and co-evaporated with toluene to remove the residual AcOH. The residue was dissolved in pyridine (15 mL), into the solution catalytic amount of DMAP and benzoyl chloride (488 μL, 4.2 mmol) was added subsequently. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 4 h when TLC (heptane/EtOAc, 4:1, Rf 0.48) showed complete conversion of the starting material to a faster moving spot. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo and co-evaporated with toluene to remove residual pyridine. The solid residue thus obtained was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with 1 N HCl (50 mL), followed by saturated NaHCO3 and brine (50 mL). The organic layer was collected, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The crude was purified by flash chromatography using heptane/EtOAc (6:1 to 5:2) as the eluent to afford pure compound 29 (324 mg, 0.61 mmol, 43% over four steps) as a white amorphous mass. −45.3 (c 0.7, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 8.14–7.39 (m, 15H, ArH), 5.51 (dd, 1H, J1,2 7.6 Hz, J2,3 4.0 Hz, H-2), 5.41 (dd, 1H, J3,4 4.0 Hz, J3,4 0.8 Hz, H-4), 5.00 (d, 1H, J 7.6 Hz, H-1), 4.66–4.61 (m, 1H, H-5), 4.52–4.45 (m, 3H, H-3, H-6a, H-6b), 3.58 (s, 3H, OCH3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 166.0, 165.3, 165.2, 133.8, 133.6, 133.2, 130.02, 129.98, 129.7, 129.5, 129.0, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 99.6, 70.3, 70.1, 69.5, 62.4, 60.1, 57.0. HRMS calcd for C28H25N3O8+NH4+ (M+NH4)+: 549.1985, found: 549.1989.
3.16. Methyl 3-Amino-2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzoyl-3-Deoxy-β-d-Gulopyranoside 30
A solution of 29 (201 mg, 0.3784 mmol) in MeOH (7 mL) was stirred with Pd(OH)2/C (10% wt., 1 mg per 5 mg of crude, 40 mg) under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 2 h. After the completion of the reaction (as indicated by TLC, heptane/EtOAc, 1:1, Rf 0.26), the reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite bed and washed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified through flash column (heptane/EtOAc, 4:1–1:1) to get the desired compound as a white amorphous solid. Yield: 126 mg (0.2494 mmol, 66%). −39.9 (c 0.8, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 8.13–7.38 (m, 15H, ArH), 5.38 (dd, 1H, J1,2 7.2 Hz, J2,3 4.0 Hz, H-2), 5.29 (dd, 1H, J3,4 4.4 Hz, J4,5 2.4 Hz, H-4), 5.11 (d, 1H, J 7.2 Hz, H-1), 4.83–4.79 (m, 1H, H-5), 4.64 (dd, 1H, dd, 1H, J6a,6b 11.2 Hz, J5,6a 6.8 Hz, H-6a), 4.51 (dd, 1H, dd, 1H, J6a,6b 11.2 Hz, J5,6b 6.0 Hz, H-6b), 3.90 (t, 1H, J3,4, J2,3 4.0 Hz, H-3), 3.57 (s, 3H, OCH3), 1.97 (bs, 1H, NH2). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 166.3, 165.9, 165.3, 133.7, 133.5, 133.2, 130.1, 129.9, 129.8, 128.69, 128.67, 128.5, 99.3, 72.1, 71.7, 70.2, 63.3, 57.1, 50.6. HRMS calcd for C28H27NO8+H+ (M+H)+: 506.1815, found: 506.1817.
3.17. Methyl 3-Benzamido-2,4,6-Tri-O-Benzoyl-3-Deoxy-β-d-Gulopyranoside 31
Compound 30 was dissolved in pyridine (3 mL), into the solution catalytic amount of DMAP and benzoyl chloride (29 μL, 0.2464 mmol) was added subsequently. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h when TLC (heptane/EtOAc, 1:1, Rf 4.8) showed complete conversion of the starting material to a faster moving spot. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo and co-evaporated with toluene to remove residual pyridine. The solid residue thus obtained was dissolved in EtOAc (7 mL) and washed with 1 (N) HCl (5 mL), followed by saturated NaHCO3 and brine (5 mL). The organic layer was collected, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The crude was purified by flash chromatography using heptane/EtOAc (7:1 to 3:1) as the eluent to afford pure compound 31 (77 mg, 0.1265 mmol, 77%) as a white amorphous solid. −48.8 (c 0.6, CHCl3). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 8.11–7.29 (m, 20H, ArH), 6.60 (d, 1H, J3,NHCOPh 8.4 Hz, NHCOPh), 5.96 (dd, 1H, J 10.8 Hz, J 6.0 Hz, H-4), 5.55 (t, 1H, J 2.8 Hz, H-2), 5.34–5.29 (m, 1H, H-3), 4.99 (d, 1H, J1,2 2.8 Hz, H-1), 4.92 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 11.6 Hz, J5,6a 5.6 Hz, H-6a), 4.86 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 11.6 Hz, J5,6b 6.4 Hz, H-6a), 4.77 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 12.4 Hz, J4,5 6.0 Hz, H-5), 3.61 (s, 3H, OCH3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz): 167.4, 166.8, 166.2, 165.5, 133.9, 133.8, 133.7, 133.0, 131.7, 130.0, 129.9, 129.7, 129.6, 129.1, 128.7, 128.59, 128.57, 128.3, 127.0, 99.5, 72.4, 71.8, 68.4, 64.5, 60.4, 56.8, 46.3. HRMS calcd for C35H31NO9+H+ (M+H)+: 610.2077, found: 610.2081.
3.18. Methyl 3-Benzamido-3-Deoxy-β-d-Gulopyranoside 10
Compound 31 (54 mg, 0.0886 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (2 mL). NaOMe (0.5 mL, 0.5 M in MeOH) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 12 h (TLC, DCM/MeOH, 10:1, Rf 0.4). The solution was neutralized with DOWEX 50 W H+ resin, filtered and the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by a short flash column using DCM–MeOH (9:1) to afford the compound 10 (19.2 mg, 0.0646 mmol, 73%). −18.3 (c 0.6, CH3OH). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 7.83 (d, 2H, J 7.6 Hz, ArH), 7.57–7.44 (m, 3H, ArH), 4.70 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.4 Hz, H-1), 4.48–4.44 (m, 1H, H-3), 4.01 (dd, 1H, J3,4 3.6 Hz, J4,5 1.2 Hz, H-4), 3.94 (dd, 1H, J1,2 7.6 Hz, J2,3 5.2 Hz, H-2), 3.84 (td, 1H, J5,6a, J5,6a 6.0 Hz, J4,5 1.6 Hz, H-5), 3.77 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 11.2 Hz, J5,6a 6.0 Hz, H-6a), 3.74 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 11.2 Hz, J5,6a 6.0 Hz, H-6b), 3.57 (s, 3H, OCH3). 13C NMR (CD3OD, 100 MHz): 171.4, 164.6, 135.9, 132.7, 129.5, 128.6, 103.4, 75.7, 68.8, 67.8, 62.6, 56.9, 56.0. HRMS calcd for C14H19NO6+H+ (M+H)+: 298.1291, found: 298.1289.
3.19. Expression Constructs, Expression, and Purification of Recombinant Galectins
Human galectin-1 [
25], galectin-2 [
26], galectin-3 [
27], galectin-4N [
19], galectin-4C [
19], galectin-8N [
28], galectin-8C [
28], galectin-9N [
29], and galectin-9C [
30], were expressed and purified as described earlier. Human galectin-7 was expressed using a pET3c plasmid in
E. coli BL21-star. The plasmid containing expression optimized DNA encoding the full human galectin-7 sequence (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_002298.1) was obtained from GenScript (Piscataway, NJ, USA). Bacterial culture and induction, and galectin purification was essential as described for galectin-3 expressed with the same vector [
27]; a typical yield was 1.5–2 mg/L culture. Lactose was removed by chromatography on a PD-10 column (Amersham Biosciences) with repeated ultrafiltration with Centriprep (Amicon).
3.20. Fluorescence Polarization Assay
Fluorescence polarization experiments were carried out either with a POLARStar plate reader and FLUOstar Galaxy software or with a PheraStarFS plate reader and PHERAstar Mars version 2.10 R3 software (BMG, Offenburg, Germany). The dissociation constant (K
d) values were determined in PBS as described earlier [
18,
19]. Specific conditions for galectin-1, 2, 3, 4N, 4C, 8N, 8C, 9N, and 9C were kept as reported [
29]. Experiments were performed at room temperature with human galectin-7 at 5 µM and the fluorescent probe β-
d-galactopyranosyl-(1–4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1–3)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1–4)-(
N1-fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylaminomethylcarbonyl)-β-
d-glucopyranosylamine [
29] at 0.02 µM. All the compounds in
Table 1 except 32 were dissolved in a neat DMSO at 100 mM and diluted in PBS to three to six different concentrations to be tested in duplicate. Average K
d values and SEMs were calculated from 2–8 single-triple point measurements showing between 30%–70% inhibition.