Perineuronal Nets and Their Role in Synaptic Homeostasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Role of Extracellular Matrix in the Functioning of the Blood-Brain Barrier
3. Structure of Perineuronal Nets
4. Characteristics of Perineuronal Nets Components
4.1. Hyaluronan
4.2. Proteoglycans
4.2.1. Glycosaminoglycans
4.2.2. Core Proteins
4.2.3. Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycans
4.2.4. Tenascins
4.2.5. Hapln Proteins
5. Neuronal Communication
6. Participation of Perineuronal Nets in Synaptic Plasticity
7. Perineuronal Nets - Clinical Aspects
8. Perspectives for Further Research
9. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMPARs | α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors |
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
SHANK | SH3 and ankyrin repeat domains protein |
ASD | Autism spectrum disorders |
AQPs | Aquaporins |
BBB | Blood brain barrier |
BMECs | Brain microvascular endothelial cells |
BDNF | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
Bral1 | Brain-specific hyaluronan-binding protein 1 |
Bral2 | Brain-specific hyaluronan-binding protein 2 |
Crtl1 | Cartilage-linking protein 1 |
VAMP3 | Cellubrevin |
CS | Chondroitin sulphate |
CSPGs | Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans |
ChABC | Chondroitinase ABC |
DAI | Diffuse axonal injury |
GAG-GAG | Disaccharide polymers glucosaminoglycan- glucosaminoglycan |
DLG4 | Discs Large MAGUK scaffold protein 4 |
VAMP8 | Endobrevin |
ECM | Extracellular matrix |
Gal | Galactose |
GalNAc | Galactose-N-acetylogalactosamine |
GABA | Gamma-aminobutyric acid |
GCS | Glasgow Coma Scale |
GPI | Glycosylphosphatidylinositol |
GlcA | Glucosamine |
GAGs | Glucosaminoglycans |
GlcNAc | Glucose N-acetyloglucosamine |
GlcA-GlcNAc | Glucuronic acid–acetylogalactosamine |
GlcA | Glucuronic acid |
GKAP | Guanylate kinase-associated protein |
GK | Guanylate kinase-like domain |
HOMER | Homer protein |
HAPLN-1, -3 and -4 | Hyaluronan and proteoglycan binding link protein |
HAS | Hyaluronan synthase |
HA | Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, |
IdoA | Iduronic acid |
MAGUK | Membrane-associated guanylate guanyl kinases |
mGluR | Metabotropic glutamate receptor |
MMPs | Metalloproteinases |
VAMP5 | Myobrevin |
NRXN1 | Neurexin 1 |
NRXN2 | Neurexin 2 |
NRXN3 | Neurexin 3 |
NLGN1 | Neuroligin 1 |
NLGN3 | Neuroligin 3 |
NLGN4X, | Neuroligin 4, X-linked precursor |
NLGN4Y | Neuroligin 4, Y-linked precursor |
NLGN | Neuroligin |
NMDA(R) | N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors |
PD | Parkinson’s disease |
PNNs | Perineuronal nets |
PSD | Postsynaptic densities |
PSD95/DLG4 | Postsynaptic density protein-95 |
PAZ | Presynaptic active zone |
NRXN1, NRXN2, NRXN3 | Neurexin 1,2,3 |
PGs | Proteoglycans |
SNAP | Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein |
SNARE | Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor |
SVs | Synaptic vesicles |
VAMP1/VAMP2; VAMP1/2 | Synaptobrevin ½ |
Syp | Synaptophysin |
SNAP-25 | Synaptosomal nerve-associated protein 25 |
v-SNAREs | Vesicle-associated SNARE proteins |
Syt-1 | Synaptotagmin 1 |
t-SNAREs | Target-localized SNARE proteins |
Tn-C | Tenascin-C |
Tn-R | Tenascin-R |
TJs | Tight junctions |
Ti-VAMP | Tetanus-Insensitive VAMP |
TIMP | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase |
TBI | Traumatic brain injury |
Trk(R) | Tropomyosin receptor kinase B |
VAMP4 | Vesicle-associated membrane protein 4 |
VAMP | Vesicle-associated membrane protein |
VAMP7 | Vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 |
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Neuron | Astrocyte | Oligodendrocyte | Reactive Astrocytes |
---|---|---|---|
aggrecan | aggrecan | phosphacan | hyaluronan |
brevican | brevican | versican | brevican |
neurocan | neurocan | Tn-R | neurocan |
phosphacan | phosphacan | MMPs | phosphacan |
hyaluronan | hyaluronan | versican | |
Hapln1 | versican | Tn-C | |
Hapln4 | Tn-R | ||
Tn-R | Tn-C | ||
Tn-C | MMPs | ||
MMPs | |||
semaphorin 3A |
Base Unit | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Galactose (Gal) or | Uronic Acid | + Amino sugar | ||
Glucuronic Acid (GlcA) | Induronic Acid (IdoA) | N-Acetylgalactoseamine (GalNAc) | N-Acetylglucosamine (GalNAc) | |
Composition of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) | ||||
Glycosaminoglycan | Repeated Units | |||
Hyaluronan (HA) | GlcA | + GlcNAc | ||
Chondroitin Sulphate | GlcA | + GalNAc | ||
Heparan Sulphate | GlcA | + GlcNAc | ||
Keratan Sulphate | Gal | + GlcNAc | ||
Dermatan Sulphate | IdoA | + GalNAc |
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Bosiacki, M.; Gąssowska-Dobrowolska, M.; Kojder, K.; Fabiańska, M.; Jeżewski, D.; Gutowska, I.; Lubkowska, A. Perineuronal Nets and Their Role in Synaptic Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174108
Bosiacki M, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Kojder K, Fabiańska M, Jeżewski D, Gutowska I, Lubkowska A. Perineuronal Nets and Their Role in Synaptic Homeostasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(17):4108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174108
Chicago/Turabian StyleBosiacki, Mateusz, Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska, Klaudyna Kojder, Marta Fabiańska, Dariusz Jeżewski, Izabela Gutowska, and Anna Lubkowska. 2019. "Perineuronal Nets and Their Role in Synaptic Homeostasis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 17: 4108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174108