The Impact of Lactoferrin on the Growth of Intestinal Inhabitant Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lactoferrin and its Derivatives
Human Lactoferrin | Bovine Lactoferrin | |
---|---|---|
Iron binding sites at interface between the two N domains | Y93, Y193, H252, D61 [17] | Y92, Y192, H253, D60 [34] |
Iron binding sites at interface between the two C domains | Y447, Y540, H609, D407 [17] | Y433, Y526, H595, D395 [34] |
Glycan attachment sites with N-X-S/T sequence motifs | N137 (N2), N478(C2), N623 (C1) (unglycosylated) [17] | bLf -a: N281(N1), N233(N2), N368(C1), N476(C2), N545(C2) bLf -b: all except N281 [33] |
Glycan type | N-Acetylglucosamine, fucose, galactose, mannose neuraminic acid (sialic acid); heterogeneous bi-antennary, and poly-antennary glycans [22] | N-acetyl-glucosamine, fucose, galactose, neuraminic acid, N-acetyl-lactosamine, mannose; heterogeneous bi-antennary glycans [22] |
3. Probiotics and the Modulation of the Gut Immune Response
3.1. General Properties of Probiotics
3.2. The Mechanisms of Intestinal Immunomodulation
3.2.1. The Modulatory Effects of Probiotics on Immune Cells
3.2.2. The Modulatory Effects of Probiotics on Luminal and Epithelial Gut Barrier Components
4. Lactoferrin: Effects on Probiotic Growth
4.1. Bulk Milk
4.2. Apo and HoloLactoferrin
4.3. Probiotic Culture Conditions
4.4. Probiotic Lactoferrin-Binding Proteins
4.5. Lactoferrin Hydrolysates and Lf-Derived Peptides
5. Lactoferrin: Modulatory Effects on the Gut Microbiota
5.1. Human neonates
5.2. Piglet Model
6. Practical Implications
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
apoLf | apoLactoferrin |
B. fragilis | Bacteroides fragilis |
B. infantis | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis |
B. polyfermenticus | Bacillus polyfermenticus |
bLf | bovine lactoferrin |
bLfcin | bovine lactoferricin |
holoLf | holoLactoferrin |
hLf | human lactoferrin |
IL- Lfampin | Interleukin- lactoferrampin |
MRSA | methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
NKCs | natural killer cells |
rhLf | recombinant human Lf |
hLfcin | S. Typhimurium |
Human lactoferricin | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium |
SCFA | short-chain fatty acids |
TGF-β1 | transforming growth factor -β1 |
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Vega-Bautista, A.; de la Garza, M.; Carrero, J.C.; Campos-Rodríguez, R.; Godínez-Victoria, M.; Drago-Serrano, M.E. The Impact of Lactoferrin on the Growth of Intestinal Inhabitant Bacteria. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4707. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194707
Vega-Bautista A, de la Garza M, Carrero JC, Campos-Rodríguez R, Godínez-Victoria M, Drago-Serrano ME. The Impact of Lactoferrin on the Growth of Intestinal Inhabitant Bacteria. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(19):4707. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194707
Chicago/Turabian StyleVega-Bautista, Alan, Mireya de la Garza, Julio César Carrero, Rafael Campos-Rodríguez, Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria, and Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano. 2019. "The Impact of Lactoferrin on the Growth of Intestinal Inhabitant Bacteria" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 19: 4707. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194707