Molecular Functions of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Regulation of Cancer Progression and Anti-Apoptosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Thyroid Hormone Effects via Interactions with the Thyroid Hormone Receptor
2.1. Thyroid Hormone
2.2. Thyroid Hormone Receptor
2.3. Nuclear Transcriptional Activity of Thyroid Hormone
2.4. Non-Genomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone
3. Functional Significance of Thyroid Hormone and Receptors in Tumors
3.1. Breast Cancer
3.2. Thyroid Cancer
3.3. Lung Cancer
3.4. Brain Tumors
3.5. Liver Cancer
3.6. Colorectal Cancer
3.7. Thyroid Hormone Is Anti-Apoptosis in Cancer Cells
4. TH Analogs Exert Anti-Proliferative Effects on Cancer Cells
4.1. Tetraiodothyroacetic Acid (Tetrac)
4.2. Triiodothyroacetic Acid (Triac)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cancer Types | Thyroxine | Binding Receptor | Molecular Mechanisms | Physiological Processes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast cancer | T3, T4 | αvβ3 | activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 | proliferation↑ | [58,75] |
T3 | αvβ3 | downregulation of SMP30 gene | anti-cancer↑, apoptosis↑ | [76] | |
T3 | TRβ | downregulation of T1 gene | proliferation↓ | [77] | |
T3 | TRβ | inhibition of STAT5 signaling | development↓ | [78] | |
T3 | TRβ | downregulation of β-catenin | prognosis↑ | [70] | |
Thyroid cancer | T3, T4 | αvβ3 | activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 | proliferation↑, anti-apoptosis↑ | [79] |
T3 | TRβΔ | activation of PI3K-Akt | metastatic↓, development↑ | [80] | |
T3 | TRβ | inhibition of PI3K-Akt | tumor growth↑ | [80] | |
increase p27 | proliferation↓ | ||||
decrease cyclin D | |||||
Lung cancer | T3, T4 | αvβ3 | increase proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) | proliferation↑ | [81] |
induce ERα phosphorylation | |||||
activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 | |||||
Brain tumor | T3, T4 | αvβ3 | increase proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) | tumor growth↑ | [57,82,83,84] |
activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 | |||||
T3 | TRβ | activation of PI3K-Akt | proliferation↑ | [57] | |
upregulation of HIF-1α gene | |||||
T3 | TRα | expression of TRα1 and TRα2 | tumor grade↓, tumor malignancy↓ | [85] | |
Liver cancer | T3 | TRα, TRβ | downregulation of CDK2, cyclin E, phosphorylation-Rb | proliferation↑ | [86,87] |
upregulation of p21 | |||||
T3, T4 | αvβ3 | induction of DKK4 | cell invasion↓ | [88,89] | |
reduction of MMP2 | metastatic↓ | ||||
downregulation of ELF2 | |||||
T3 | TRαΔ | dysregulation of follistatin, activinβC, thrombomodulin, SIX1, Rasgrp3, Ndrg2 | development↑, carcinogenesis↑ | [90] | |
T3 | TRα | upregulation of lipocalin 2 | invasion↑, metastasis↑ | [91] | |
T4 | TRα, TRβ | activation of NF-κB | cancer stem like cell↑ | [92] | |
activation of BM1 gene | drug resistance↑ | ||||
T3 | αvβ3 | activation of ERK1/2/Akt | tumor growth↑ | [93] | |
T3, T4 | TRα | activation of MET/FAK | invasion↑, metastasis↑ | [94] | |
Colorectal cancer | T4 | αvβ3 | increase proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1, c-myc | proliferation↑ | [95,96] |
T4 | TRα | activation of NF-κB | Tumor progression↑, metastasis↑ | [97] | |
T3 | TRα1 | activation of Frizzled-related protein, sFRP2 | proliferation↑ | [98] | |
modulation of β-catenin |
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Liu, Y.-C.; Yeh, C.-T.; Lin, K.-H. Molecular Functions of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Regulation of Cancer Progression and Anti-Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204986
Liu Y-C, Yeh C-T, Lin K-H. Molecular Functions of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Regulation of Cancer Progression and Anti-Apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):4986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204986
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yu-Chin, Chau-Ting Yeh, and Kwang-Huei Lin. 2019. "Molecular Functions of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Regulation of Cancer Progression and Anti-Apoptosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 4986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204986