Prolactin-Releasing Peptide: Physiological and Pharmacological Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Discovery and Structure of PrRP
3. GPR10 Discovery and Gene Location
4. Distribution of PrRP and its Receptor GPR10
4.1. Distribution of PrRP
4.2. Distribution of GPR10
5. PrRP Intracellular Signaling Pathways
6. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies
7. PrRP in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Expenditure
7.1. PrRP Decreases Food Intake and Regulates Energy Homeostasis
7.2. Ortholog C-RFa in Food Intake Regulation
7.3. PrRP Analogs in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Expenditure
8. Neuroprotective Properties of PrRP
9. Other Physiological Functions of PrRP
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Aβ | β-amyloid protein |
ACTH | Adrenocorticotropin |
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
Akt | Protein kinase B |
AP | Area postrema |
APP | Amyloid precursor protein |
BAT | Brown adipose tissue |
β-hArg | beta-homoarginine |
C | Cerebral cortex |
CC | Corpus callosum |
CE | Cerebellum |
CCK | Cholecystokinin |
CD | Circular dichroism |
CHO | Chinese hamster ovary |
Cha | Cyclohexylalanine |
CREB | cAMP response element-binding protein |
CRH | Corticotropin-releasing hormone |
Cys(Bzl) | Boc-S-benzyl-l-cysteine |
DIO | Diet-induced obese |
DMN | Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase |
GFAP | Glial fibrillary acidic protein |
GIR | Receptor induced by glucocorticoids |
Glu(Obzl) | Boc-l-glutamic acid 1-benzyl ester |
GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide 1 |
GPCR | G-protein coupled receptor |
GPR10 | Receptor for prolactin-releasing peptide (known as hGR3 or rat ortholog UHR-1) |
hArg | Homoarginine |
HB | Hindbrain |
HIPP | Hippocampus |
His(Bzl) | Nα-Fmoc-N(im)-benzyl-l-histidine |
HPA | Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |
HYP | Hypothalamus |
Iba1 | Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 |
ICV | Intracerebroventricular |
JNK | C-Jun N-terminal protein kinase |
KO | Knockout |
LHA | Lateral hypothalamic area |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
ME | Medulla oblongata |
MEG-FA | Multiple ethylene glycol-fatty acid |
MIB | Midbrain |
MSG | Monosodium glutamate |
myr | Myristic acid |
NAc | Nucleus accumbens |
1-Nal | 1-napthylalanine |
2-Nal | 2-napthylalanine |
Nle | Norleucine |
Nme-Arg | N-methylarginine |
NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance |
NPAF | Neuropeptide AF |
NPFF | Neuropeptide FF |
NPFF-R2 | Receptor 2 for neuropeptide FF (known as GPR74 or HLWAR77) |
NPY | Neuropeptide Y |
NPY-1R | Neuropeptide Y receptor 1 |
NTS | Nucleus of the solitary tract |
OF | Olfactory bulb |
OLETF | Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty |
palm | Palmitic acid |
P | Pituitary |
PB | Parabrachial nucleus |
PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
PEVN | Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus |
PheCl2 | (3,4-dichlor)phenylalanine |
PheF5 | pentafluoro-phenylalanine |
PheNO2 | (4-nitro)phenylalanine |
Phg | Phenylglycine |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase |
PI3K-Akt-mTOR | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin |
PKA | Protein kinase A |
PKC | Protein kinase C |
PrRP | Prolactin-releasing peptide |
PVN | Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus |
PS1 | Presenilin 1 |
PTX | Pertussis toxin |
RT | Reticular nucleus of the thalamus |
SAR | Structure-activity relationship |
SC | Subcutaneous |
SHR | Spontaneously hypertensive rats |
SHROB | Spontaneously hypertensive obese rats |
SLM | Stratum lacunosum-moleculare |
SON | Supraoptic nucleus |
TH | Thalamus |
TTDS | 1,13-diamino-4,7,10-trioxadecan-succinamic acid |
UCP-1 | Uncoupling-protein 1 |
UHR-1 | Rat ortholog of GPR10 |
VMN | Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus |
VRT | Ventrolateral reticular nucleus of the thalamus |
WKY | Wistar Kyoto |
WT | Wild-type |
ZDF | Zucker diabetic fatty |
7TM | Seven-transmembrane-domain receptor |
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Peptide | Species | Sequence | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PrRP20 | carp | S | P | E | I | D | P | F | W | Y | V | G | R | G | V | R | P | I | G | R | F | - | NH2 | |||||||||||||||||
chicken | S | P | E | I | D | P | F | W | Y | V | G | R | G | V | R | P | I | G | R | F | - | NH2 | ||||||||||||||||||
rat | T | P | D | I | N | P | A | W | Y | T | G | R | G | I | R | P | V | G | R | F | - | NH2 | ||||||||||||||||||
bovine | T | P | D | I | N | P | A | W | Y | A | G | R | G | I | R | P | V | G | R | F | - | NH2 | ||||||||||||||||||
human | T | P | D | I | N | P | A | W | Y | A | S | R | G | I | R | P | V | G | R | F | - | NH2 | ||||||||||||||||||
PrRP31 | carp | G | T | T | V | E | H | D | L | H | I | V | H | N | V | D | N | R | S | P | E | I | D | P | F | W | Y | V | G | R | G | V | R | P | I | G | R | F | - | NH2 |
chicken | S | R | P | F | K | H | Q | I | D | N | R | S | P | E | I | D | P | F | W | Y | V | G | R | G | V | R | P | I | G | R | F | - | NH2 | |||||||
rat | S | R | A | H | Q | H | S | M | E | T | R | T | P | D | I | N | P | A | W | Y | T | G | R | G | I | R | P | V | G | R | F | - | NH2 | |||||||
bovine | S | R | A | H | R | H | S | M | E | I | R | T | P | D | I | N | P | A | W | Y | A | G | R | G | I | R | P | V | G | R | F | - | NH2 | |||||||
human | S | R | T | H | R | H | S | M | E | I | R | T | P | D | I | N | P | A | W | Y | A | S | R | G | I | R | P | V | G | R | F | - | NH2 |
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Pražienková, V.; Popelová, A.; Kuneš, J.; Maletínská, L. Prolactin-Releasing Peptide: Physiological and Pharmacological Properties. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215297
Pražienková V, Popelová A, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Prolactin-Releasing Peptide: Physiological and Pharmacological Properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(21):5297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215297
Chicago/Turabian StylePražienková, Veronika, Andrea Popelová, Jaroslav Kuneš, and Lenka Maletínská. 2019. "Prolactin-Releasing Peptide: Physiological and Pharmacological Properties" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21: 5297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215297