Impact of the Different Preparation Methods to Obtain Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells (AD-SVFs) and Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AD-MSCs): Enzymatic Digestion Versus Mechanical Centrifugation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. European and FDA Regulations Regarding the Application of AD-SVFs and AD-MSCs
3. Cell Identity
4. Methods of AD-SVF Isolation
4.1. Enzymatic Versus Non-Enzymatic Digestion of Fat Tissue to Obtain AD-SVFs
4.2. Procedures, Kit, and Systems Based on Enzymatic Digestion
4.3. Procedures, Kit, and Systems Based on Non-Enzymatic Digestion
5. In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of AD-SVFs
5.1. In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of AD-SVFs and AD-MSCs Obtained from Devices/Procedures Based on Enzymatic Digestion
5.2. In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of AD-SVFs and AD-MSCs Obtained from Devices/Procedures Based on non- Enzymatic Digestion
6. AD-SVFs, AD-MSCs, and Cancer Relationship
7. Adipose Microenvironment, Obesity Relationship, and Breast Cancer Modulation
8. Oncological Safety of AD-MSCs-Based Therapies
9. Controversial Aspects
10. Alternative Methods to the Use of AD-SVFs and AD-MSCs
10.1. Fat Graft Enrichment with AD-SVFs and Growth Factor
10.2. Evolution Since “Substitutive Surgery” to “Regenerative Surgery”
11. Cells and Tissue-Sources
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Procedure | Method | Field | Yield | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
AdiStem™ cell isolation kit in combination with PRP (i.e., platelet-rich plasma) | Enzymatic | Joint regeneration | 12 Å~106/mL fat (versus standard isolation procedure 10 Å~106 cells/mL fat) | [24,25] |
Endobronchially infusion in human patients affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) | [26,27] | |||
Celution® 800/CRS system | Enzymatic | Reduction of fat resorption, increasing the angiogenesis | 2.95 × 105 cells/mL with a viability of 86.6% | [29,31] |
Improving hand disability, reducing pain in systemic sclerosis | [32] | |||
Transurethrally infiltrated, resulted in reduction of male stress urinary incontinence | [33] | |||
Improving breast contour | [34] | |||
Outcomes of breast reconstruction | [42,62] | |||
-- | 2.41 × 105 cells/g | [30] | ||
Multi-Station | Enzymatic | 1.07 × 105 cells/g | [30] | |
Lipo-Kit GT | Enzymatic | Outcomes of breast reconstruction | 0.35 × 105 cells/g | [30,42] |
CHA STATION™ | Enzymatic | 0.05 × 105 cells/g | [30] | |
GID SVF-1™ | Enzymatic | 7.19 ± 2.11 × 105 cells/mL | [35] | |
Sceldis® device in combination with PRP, hyaluronic acid, and CaCl2+ | Enzymatic | Treatment of knee pain | [36,37] | |
Method of Khan et al. | Enzymatic | ~6 × 105 cells/mL (66 % viability) versus ~1 × 106 cells/mL (51% viability) | [38] | |
HuriCell device | Enzymatic | Pre-clinical model of focal cerebral ischemia treatment, displaying neuro-protective effects | [39] | |
Stubbers and Coleman procedure | Enzymatic | 4.9 × 106–24.7 × 106 cells/100 g | [40] | |
Tissue Genesis Icellator Cell Isolation System | Enzymatic | Face and breast augmentation or reconstruction | [41] | |
Puregraft® | Filtration, washing and purification | [43,44] | ||
Revolve™ | Filtration, washing and purification | --- | ||
GID 700™ | Washing and purification | Significant reduction amounts of lactate dehydrogenase, triglycerides and hematocrit maintaining the adipose graft osmolarity | [45] | |
LipiVage™ | Purification, Filtration | Endothelial and mesenchymal progenitor cells maintaining their differentiation capacity when used as fibrin spray | [46] | |
High number of adipocytes and a high level of intracellular enzyme (glycerol-3-phophatase dehydrogenase (G3PDH) | [47] | |||
Lipogems® | Micro-fragmentation | Higher concentration of mature pericytes, AD-MSCs, exosomes and lower quantity of hematopoietic cells | [48,49,52] | |
Paracrine and arteriogenic functions for the rescue of ischemic limb | [50] | |||
Improved efficient direct multi-lineage reprogramming in human skin fibroblasts | [51] | |||
Orthognatic surgery | [53] | |||
Osteointegration | [54] | |||
Fecal incontinence’s symptoms | [55] | |||
System for endothelial cells of Hu et al. | homogenizing fat tissue | 1.12–2.13 Å~106 cells | [56] | |
System for AD-SVFs isolation of Victor | Ultrasonic cavitation | 1.67–2.24 Å~107 cells with a viability of 97.1–98.9% | [57] | |
System for dissociation of fat tissue of Bright et al. | Dissociation of fat tissue by lysing mature adipocytes applying ultrasonic cavitation | Osteoarthritis (knee, hip) | 2–4 million cells/1 g fat | [58,59] |
Chronic migraine | [59] | |||
Schafer System to isolate fat derived cells | Ultrasonic energy/acoustic standing wave | (<50 μm) but more vital pre-adipocytes, stimulating the angiogenesis | [60] | |
Gimble et al. procedure | Shaking, washing | 2.5 Å~106 cells per 100 mL fat | [61] |
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Gentile, P.; Calabrese, C.; De Angelis, B.; Pizzicannella, J.; Kothari, A.; Garcovich, S. Impact of the Different Preparation Methods to Obtain Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells (AD-SVFs) and Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AD-MSCs): Enzymatic Digestion Versus Mechanical Centrifugation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215471
Gentile P, Calabrese C, De Angelis B, Pizzicannella J, Kothari A, Garcovich S. Impact of the Different Preparation Methods to Obtain Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells (AD-SVFs) and Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AD-MSCs): Enzymatic Digestion Versus Mechanical Centrifugation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(21):5471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215471
Chicago/Turabian StyleGentile, Pietro, Claudio Calabrese, Barbara De Angelis, Jacopo Pizzicannella, Ashutosh Kothari, and Simone Garcovich. 2019. "Impact of the Different Preparation Methods to Obtain Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells (AD-SVFs) and Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AD-MSCs): Enzymatic Digestion Versus Mechanical Centrifugation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21: 5471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215471