Inositols’ Importance in the Improvement of the Endocrine–Metabolic Profile in PCOS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
2.1. Definition and Classification
2.2. Pathogenesis of PCOS
3. Inositol Characteristics
3.1. Isomers and Biosynthesis
3.2. Mechanism of Action
3.3. Clinical Relevance
4. The Role of Inositol in PCOS Treatment
4.1. The Effect of Inositol in Androgen Excess
4.2. The Effect of Inositol in Ovulation Disorders and Infertility
4.3. The Effect of Inositol in Polycystic Ovarian Morphology
4.4. The Effect of Inositol in Metabolic Abnormalities
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diagnostic Criteria | ||
---|---|---|
Rotterdam (at least two of three features) | AES (both features) | NIH (both features) |
Oligo-/anovulation | Hyperandrogenism/hyperandrogenemia | Oligo-/anovulation |
Hyperandrogenemia/hyperandrogenism | Oligo-/anovulation and/or Polycystic ovaries | Hyperandrogenism/hyperandrogenemia |
Polycystic ovaries |
PCOS Symptom | Inositol | Effect | Authors |
---|---|---|---|
Androgen excess | MI | -total and free T level reduction | [64] |
-free T decrease; E2, SHBG increase | [59] | ||
-T level reduction | [63] | ||
DCI | -T level reduction and P4 level increase | [66] | |
-free T decrease | [65] | ||
both | -free T reduction; SHBG increase | [69] | |
Ovulation and fertility disorders; ovaries dysfunction | MI | -better development of mouse embryos | [71] |
-restored spontaneous ovulation; elevated rate of fertilization/pregnancy | [66] | ||
-better embryo quality, no side-effects | [73] | ||
-increased FSH sensitivity, better fertilization rates and embryo quality; reduced LH:FSH ratio | [63] | ||
-restored spontaneous ovarian activity and fertility | [76] | ||
-higher ovulation frequency, shorter time to first ovulation | [98] | ||
DCI | -elevated E2; rapid follicular maturation | [74] | |
-ovulation improvement | [78] | ||
both | -poor oocyte quality; worse ovarian response | [79] | |
-increased ovulation cases | [75] | ||
-ovarian function improvement | [77] | ||
-improved oocyte/embryo quality and pregnancy rates | [81] | ||
-restoration of ovarian proper histological features, TGR ratio and fertility in mice | [87] | ||
Metabolic abnormalities | MI | -improved glucose-to-insulin ratio and HOMA index | [63] |
-increased circulating HDL level, weight loss, and leptin reduction | [98] | ||
DCI | -improved insulin resistance, blood pressure, and plasma TG concentration | [65] | |
-better insulin sensitivity, BMI reduction | [62] | ||
both | -body weight and insulin level reduction | [69] | |
-reduced fasting insulin and HOMA index | [59] | ||
-improved LDL, HDL, and TG levels, HOMA index reduction | [99] |
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Wojciechowska, A.; Osowski, A.; Jóźwik, M.; Górecki, R.; Rynkiewicz, A.; Wojtkiewicz, J. Inositols’ Importance in the Improvement of the Endocrine–Metabolic Profile in PCOS. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225787
Wojciechowska A, Osowski A, Jóźwik M, Górecki R, Rynkiewicz A, Wojtkiewicz J. Inositols’ Importance in the Improvement of the Endocrine–Metabolic Profile in PCOS. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(22):5787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225787
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojciechowska, Anna, Adam Osowski, Marcin Jóźwik, Ryszard Górecki, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, and Joanna Wojtkiewicz. 2019. "Inositols’ Importance in the Improvement of the Endocrine–Metabolic Profile in PCOS" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22: 5787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225787
APA StyleWojciechowska, A., Osowski, A., Jóźwik, M., Górecki, R., Rynkiewicz, A., & Wojtkiewicz, J. (2019). Inositols’ Importance in the Improvement of the Endocrine–Metabolic Profile in PCOS. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(22), 5787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225787