Clinical Implications of Extracellular HMGA1 in Breast Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Extracellular HMGA1 Sheds New Light on the Role of HMGA1 in Cancer Biology
2.1. HMGA1 is Secreted by Invasive Breast Cancer Cells
2.2. Extracellular HMGA1 is a Ligand of RAGE
2.3. Extracellular HMGA1 Mediates Adhesion, Invasion, and Migration of Invasive Breast Cancer Cells
2.4. Extracellular HMGA1 Correlates With the Incidence of Metastasis
3. Clinical Implications of Extracellular HMGA1
3.1. Preliminary Considerations
3.2. Prognostic Biomarker
3.3. Predictive Biomarker
3.4. Therapeutic Implications of HMGA1 in TNBC
3.4.1. Monotherapy against Extracellular HMGA1
Targeting Extracellular HMGA1
Targeting RAGE
Clinical Approach to Design Single-Agent Studies
3.4.2. Combination with Chemotherapy
3.4.3. Combination with Targeted Therapies
Immunotherapy
Angiogenesis
4. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Méndez, O.; Pérez, J.; Soberino, J.; Racca, F.; Cortés, J.; Villanueva, J. Clinical Implications of Extracellular HMGA1 in Breast Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235950
Méndez O, Pérez J, Soberino J, Racca F, Cortés J, Villanueva J. Clinical Implications of Extracellular HMGA1 in Breast Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(23):5950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235950
Chicago/Turabian StyleMéndez, Olga, José Pérez, Jesus Soberino, Fabricio Racca, Javier Cortés, and Josep Villanueva. 2019. "Clinical Implications of Extracellular HMGA1 in Breast Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23: 5950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235950