Expression of Salivary and Serum Malondialdehyde and Lipid Profile of Patients with Periodontitis and Coronary Heart Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Study Participant
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design
4.2. Serum and Salivary MAA Measures
4.3. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Features | Controls (n = 32) | Periodontitis (n = 34) | CHD (n = 33) | Periodontitis + CHD (n = 34) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58 (54; 60) | 57 (52; 59) | 55 (49; 58) | 56 (50; 59) |
Gender (male/female) | 16/16 | 16/18 | 17/15 | 17/17 |
Education level | ||||
Primary school, n (%) | 11 (34.3) | 12 (35.3) | 11 (33.3) | 13 (38.3) |
High school, n (%) | 13 (40.6) | 14 (41.2) | 15 (45.5) | 13 (38.3) |
College/university, n (%) | 8 (25) | 8 (23.5) | 7 (21.2) | 8 (23.5) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.2 (25.6; 28.7) | 24.5 (23.4; 28.4) | 26.4 (23.2; 27.8) | 22.8 (20.6; 26.3) |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 89.1 (86.9; 91.8) | 89.6 (81.8; 129.3) | 89.1 (86.9; 132.4) | 91.3 (87.8; 128.6) |
Current smokers, n (%) | 2 (6.2) | 3 (8.8) | 3 (9) | 7 (8.8) |
Comorbidities | ||||
Diabetes, n (%) | - | 4 (11.8) ** | 5 (15.1) ** | 4 (11.8) ** |
Previous CVD | ||||
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | - | - | 6 (18.1)**,§§ | 10 (29.4) **,§§ |
Angina pectoris, n (%) | - | - | 17 (51.5)**,§§ | 18 (53) **,§§ |
Stroke, n (%) | - | - | 9 (27.3) **,§§ | 11 (32.3) **,§§ |
Heart failure, n (%) | - | - | 10 (30.3) **,§§ | 11 (32.3) **,§§ |
Drug treatment of CVD | ||||
Antihypertensive, n (%) | - | - | 14 (42.4) **,§§ | 15 (44.1) **,§§ |
Statins, n (%) | - | - | 13 (39.4) **,§§ | 13 (38.2) **,§§ |
Low-dose aspirin, n (%) | - | - | 12 (36.4) **,§§ | 12 (35.3) **,§§ |
Beta blockers, n (%) | - | - | 13 (39.4) **,§§ | 14 (41.2) **,§§ |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.7 (2.3; 3.0) | 3.5 (3.1; 4.1) * | 6.1 (5.4; 6.3) ** | 6.8 (6.1; 8) **,§§,# |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 161 (125; 186) | 171 (144; 197) | 177 (153; 198) | 174 (155; 201) |
Triglycerids (mg/dL) | 137 (107; 145) | 114 (59; 122) | 141 (112; 168) | 143 (111; 159) |
Periodontal Parameters | Controls (n = 32) | Periodontitis (n = 34) | CHD (n = 33) | Periodontitis + CHD (n = 34) |
---|---|---|---|---|
N of teeth | 25 (24; 27) | 17 (15; 19) ** | 22 (21; 24) **,§§ | 18 (15; 19) **,## |
CAL (mm) | 1.2 (1; 1.3) | 3.8 (3.2; 4.2) ** | 2.3 (2.2; 2.6) **,§§ | 3.8 (3.7; 4.6) **,## |
CAL 4–5 mm (% sites) | - | 39.1 (37.3; 41.8) ** | - | 42.2 (37.4; 49.1) **,## |
CAL ≥6 mm (% sites) | - | 18.2 (18.7; 21.4) ** | - | 18.8 (16.4; 24.5) **,## |
PD (mm) | 1.6 (1.2; 2.1) | 4.3 (4.1; 4.8) ** | 2.1 (1.7; 2.3) **,§§ | 4.1 (4.0; 4.8) **,## |
PD 4–5 mm (% sites) | - | 41.8 (40.7; 44.6) ** | - | 43.8 (40.4; 55.7) **,## |
PD ≥6 mm (% sites) | - | 21.5 (18.9; 23.6) ** | - | 25.3 (21.4; 27.5) **,§§,## |
BOP (%) | 9.9 (8.8; 11.4) | 45.9 (45.7; 51.8) ** | 11.5 (14.5; 18.6) **,§§ | 47.5 (45.6; 55.2) **,§§,## |
PI (%) | 10.1 (9.6; 11.2) | 35.6 (33.5; 36.2) ** | 15.2 (14.5; 16.7) **,§§ | 33.5 (32.5; 32.9) **,## |
Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | |
Serum MAA Levels | CHD | 0.384 | 0.221; 0.569 | <0.001 | 0.075 | −0.356; 0.531 | 0.665 |
Periodontitis | 0.221 | 0.015; 0.412 | 0.041 | 0.161 | −0.039; 0.355 | 0.133 | |
Hs-CRP | 0.115 | 0.071; 0.156 | <0.001 | 0.133 | 0.056; 0.178 | <0.001 | |
Age (years) | −0.022 | −0.35; 0.004 | 0.088 | −0.031 | −0.208; 0.204 | 0.416 | |
Female gender | 0.156 | −0.035; 0.358 | 0.156 | 0.145 | −0.121; 0.356 | 0.065 | |
Education SES | −0.071 | −0.202; 0.054 | 0.289 | −0.075 | −0.156; 0.31 | 0.132 | |
Salivary MAA Levels | CHD | 0.281 | 0.134; 0.431 | <0.001 | −0.051 | −0.431; 0.356 | 0.769 |
Periodontitis | 0.073 | −0.089; 0.232 | 0.456 | 0.004 | −0.145; 0.181 | 0.782 | |
Hs-CRP | 0.089 | 0.043; 0.131 | <0.001 | 0.096 | 0.041; 0.156 | <0.001 | |
Age (years) | −0.012 | −0.021; 0.007 | 0.346 | 0.004 | −0.012; 0.023 | 0.754 | |
Female gender | 0.047 | −0.131; 0.223 | 0.462 | 0.089 | −0.089; 0.312 | 0.278 | |
Education SES | −0.095 | −0.183; −0.004 | 0.048 | −0.89 | −0.056; 0.332 | 0.039 | |
Serum MAA | 0.166 | −0.031; 0.338 | 0.079 | −0.045 | −0.234; 0.136 | 0.599 |
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Isola, G.; Polizzi, A.; Santonocito, S.; Alibrandi, A.; Ferlito, S. Expression of Salivary and Serum Malondialdehyde and Lipid Profile of Patients with Periodontitis and Coronary Heart Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 6061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236061
Isola G, Polizzi A, Santonocito S, Alibrandi A, Ferlito S. Expression of Salivary and Serum Malondialdehyde and Lipid Profile of Patients with Periodontitis and Coronary Heart Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(23):6061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236061
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsola, Gaetano, Alessandro Polizzi, Simona Santonocito, Angela Alibrandi, and Sebastiano Ferlito. 2019. "Expression of Salivary and Serum Malondialdehyde and Lipid Profile of Patients with Periodontitis and Coronary Heart Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23: 6061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236061