Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 Protect Primary Cultured Astrocytes against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury via Improving Mitochondrial Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Validation of Mouse Astrocytes
2.2. Rb1 and Rg1 Attenuated OGD/R-Induced Injury in Cultured Astrocyte
2.3. Rb1 and Rg1 Suppressed ROS Production and Increased CAT Activity in OGD/R-Treated Astrocytes
2.4. Rb1 and Rg1 Inhibited MMP Depolarization and Increased mtDNA Content in OGD/R-Treated Astrocytes
2.5. Rb1 and Rg1 Increased the Activities of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complexes I–V and ATP Levels
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Identification of Astrocytes
4.4. OGD/R Procedure and Drug Treatment
4.5. CCK-8 Assay
4.6. Morphology Observation of Astrocytes
4.7. Measurement of Intracellular ROS Levels
4.8. Catalase Activity
4.9. Detection of the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
4.10. Measurement of Intracellular ATP Levels
4.11. Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis
4.12. Isolation of Mitochondria from Astrocytes
4.13. Assay of the Activities of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complexes I–V in Astrocytes
4.14. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Rb1 | Ginsenoside Rb1 |
Rg1 | Ginsenoside Rg1 |
OGD/R | Oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
CAT | Catalase |
NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
MMP | Mitochondrial membrane potential |
MPTP | Mitochondrial permeability transition pore |
mtDNA | Mitochondrial DNA |
MRC | Mitochondrial respiratory chain |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
OXPHOS | Oxidative phosphorylation |
ETC | Electron transport chain |
DCFA-DA | 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate |
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Xu, M.; Ma, Q.; Fan, C.; Chen, X.; Zhang, H.; Tang, M. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 Protect Primary Cultured Astrocytes against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury via Improving Mitochondrial Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 6086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236086
Xu M, Ma Q, Fan C, Chen X, Zhang H, Tang M. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 Protect Primary Cultured Astrocytes against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury via Improving Mitochondrial Function. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(23):6086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236086
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Meng, Qing Ma, Chunlan Fan, Xue Chen, Huiming Zhang, and Minke Tang. 2019. "Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 Protect Primary Cultured Astrocytes against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury via Improving Mitochondrial Function" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23: 6086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236086