Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Vehicles for Cancer: Rationale and Reason
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lipoproteins: Endogenous Lipid Delivery System
3. Classification and Composition of Plasma Lipoproteins
4. Drug Interactions with Plasma Lipoproteins
5. Epidemiological Evidence for Lipoprotein and Cancer Relationship
6. Cholesterol and Cancer Risk
7. Cholesterol Levels During Cancer
8. Cholesterol Levels Following Cancer Treatment
9. Molecular Role of Cholesterol in Cancer
10. Cholesterol as an Oncogenic Driver
11. Cholesterol Accumulation Driven by Oncogenic Signaling
12. Cholesterol Feedback Loop, Both Sides of the Same Process
13. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
27HCL | 27-Hydroxycholestrol |
4-OHT | 4-Hydroytamoxifen |
AKT | Rac-Alpha Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase |
ALL | Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia |
AML | Acute Myeloid Leukemia |
BDDCS | Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System |
CE | Cholesterol Ester |
CETP | Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein |
CI | Confidence Interval |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic Acid |
EGFR | Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor |
ER | Estrogen Receptor |
ERBB4/HER4 | Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Member 4 |
ERRS | Estrogen Related Receptors |
GLIs | glioma-associated oncogene |
GPCRS | G-Protein Coupled Receptor |
GTPase | Guanosine Triphosphate Hydrolase Enzyme |
HDL | High Density Lipoprotein |
HDL-C | High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
HER2 | Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Member 2 |
HR | Hazard Ratio |
IGFR | Insulin Growth Factor Receptor |
IQGAP1 | Ras Gtpase-Activating-Like Protein 1 |
LCAT | Lecithin–Cholesterol Acyltransferase |
LDL | Low Density Lipoprotein |
LDL-C | Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
LDLR | Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor |
LOX-1 | Lectin-Type Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1 |
LPL | Lipoprotein Lipase |
mg/dL | Milligram Per Deciliter |
mTORC1/2 | Molecular Target of Rapamicin Complex 1 and 2 |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase |
PTCH1 | Patched |
PTEN | Phosphatase And Tensin Homolog |
SHH | Hedgehog |
SMO | Smoothened |
SREBPs | Sterol Regulatory Binding Protein Family |
TG | Triglycerides |
TSC | Total Serum Cholesterol |
VLDL | Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
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Chylomicrons | VLDL | LDL | HDL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Density (g/mL) | <0.95 | 0.95–1.006 | 1.019–1.063 | 1.063–1.210 |
Diameter (nm) | >75 | 30–80 | 18–25 | 7–14 |
Protein | 1–2 | 8–10 | 20–25 | 52–60 |
TG | 80–95 | 45–65 | 4–8 | 2–7 |
Cholesterol | 1–3 | 4–8 | 6–8 | 3–5 |
Phospholipid | 3–6 | 15–20 | 18–24 | 26–32 |
Cholesteryl ester | 2–4 | 6–10 | 45–50 | 15–20 |
Electrophoretic mobility | - | Pre-β | β | A |
Apolipo-protein | Mw (kDa) | Plasma Conc (mg/dL) | Lipoprotein Distribution | Function (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ApoA1 | 29 | 130 | All HDL subclasses | cholesterol efflux; LCAT activation |
ApoA2 | 17.4 | 40 | HDL-1, HDL-2, HDL-3 | Inhibition of apoA1 activity |
ApoA4 | 44.5 | 15 | Chylomicrons | LCAT activation |
ApoB48 | 241 | Transient | Chylomicrons | Chylomicron secretion |
ApoB100 | 512 | 80–250 | VLDL, LDL | VLDL secretion; LDL receptor ligand |
ApoC1 | 6.6 | 3-6 | HDL, LDL | LCAT activation |
ApoC2 | 9 | 3–12 | VLDL, HDLs | Activation of LPL |
ApoC3 | 9 | 12 | VLDL, HDLs | Inhibition of apoC2 activity, VLDL uptake |
ApoD | 19 | 10–12 | HDL | Several Proposed |
ApoE | 34 | 5–7 | VLDL, HDL-1 | Cholesterol efflux; LDL receptor ligand |
Author | Year | Cancer Site | Major Conclusions | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Miller, S. R., et al. [61] | 1981 | Colon | Colon cancer patients had TSC < Controls |
2 | Vitols, S., et al. [62] | 1985 | Blood | LDLR expression was high in leukemic cells. TSC levels back to normal after chemotherapy |
3 | Peterson, C., et al. [63] | 1985 | Blood | |
4 | Budd & Ginsberg [64] | 1986 | Blood | TSC, LDLC & HDLC lower in patients than controls. TSC, LDLC and HDLC back to normal during remission |
5 | Neugut, A. I., et al. [65] | 1986 | GI | TSC-Patient < Controls |
6 | Bani, I. A., et al. [66] | 1986 | Breast | TSC - Patient > Control. HDLC-Patient < Controls |
7 | Reverter, J. C., et al. [67] | 1988 | AML | LDLR expression was high in leukemic cells. TSC levels back to normal after chemotherapy |
8 | Marini, A., et al. [68] | 1989 | Blood | TSC-Patient < Controls |
9 | Rudling, M. J., et al. [69] | 1990 | Head | LDLR activity on tumor high |
10 | Dessi, S., et al. [70] | 1991 | Blood | HDLC patients < Controls. HDLC levels inversely correlated with cell proliferation. |
11 | Shokumbi, W. A., et al. [71] | 1991 | Blood (ALL) | HDLC patients < Controls |
12 | Kritchevsky, S. B., et al. [72] | 1991 | Multiple | TSC decreased in patients before diagnosis |
13 | Alexopoulos, C. G., et al. [73] | 1992 | Multiple | Positive response to chemotherapy correlated with increase in TSC |
14 | Dessi, S., et al. [74] | 1992 | Lung | Tumor had 2-fold cholesterol. HDLC patients < controls |
15 | Umeki, S. [75] | 1993 | Lung | TSC and HDLC patients < controls |
16 | Bayerdorffer, E., et al. [76] | 1993 | Colorectal | HDLC patients < controls; LDLC VLDLC patients > Controls |
17 | Potischman, N., et al. [77] | 1994 | Cervical | TSC in patients Stage I > Stage II > Stage IV |
18 | Baroni, S., et al. [78] | 1994 | Blood (ALL) | TSC HDLC patients < controls. Complete remission correlated with increase in TSC and HDLC |
19 | Kokoglu, E., et al. [79] | 1994 | Breast | TSC VLDLC patients < controls. HDLC LDLC Stage IV < Stage I patients. VLDL Stage IV > Stage I Patients |
20 | Juliusson, G., et al. [80] | 1995 | Blood (HCL) | TSC LDLC inversely correlated with tumor burden |
21 | Niendorf, A., et al. [81] | 1995 | Colon | TSC 12months post-surgery > 3 months post-surgery. Resected tumor had higher LDLR mRNA |
22 | Dessi, S., et al. [82] | 1995 | Multiple | HDLC patients < Controls. HDLC remission > diagnosis |
23 | AvallLundqvist, E. H. and C. O. Peterson [83] | 1996 | Ovarian | TSC at diagnosis < post-surgery < remission |
24 | Grieb, P., et al. [84] | 1999 | Brain | No reduction in TSC |
25 | Siemianowicz, K., et al. [85] | 2000 | Lung | TSC Patients < Controls |
26 | Siemianowicz, K., et al. [86] | 2000 | Lung | No difference in LDLC |
27 | Fiorenza, A. M., et al. [87] | 2000 | Multiple | TSC LDLC HDLC patients < Controls |
28 | Abiaka, C., et al. [88] | 2001 | Multiple | TSC patients < Controls |
29 | Caruso, M. G., et al. [89] | 2001 | Colorectal | LDLR protein and mRNA detected on tumor tissue. LDLR mRNA higher in tumors not expressing protein |
30 | Tomiki, Y., et al. [90] | 2004 | GI | TSC LDLC patients < Controls |
31 | Michalaki, V., et al. [91] | 2005 | Multiple | HDLC patients < Controls in Breast Cancer |
32 | Muntoni, S., et al. [92] | 2009 | Multiple | HDLC patients < Controls |
33 | Li, X., et al. [93] | 2018 | Breast | TSC HDLC LDLC patients < Controls |
34 | Carr, B. I., et al. [94] | 2018 | Liver | HDLC associated with Tumor Aggressiveness Index |
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Chaudhary, J.; Bower, J.; Corbin, I.R. Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Vehicles for Cancer: Rationale and Reason. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246327
Chaudhary J, Bower J, Corbin IR. Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Vehicles for Cancer: Rationale and Reason. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(24):6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246327
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaudhary, Jaideep, Joseph Bower, and Ian R. Corbin. 2019. "Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Vehicles for Cancer: Rationale and Reason" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24: 6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246327