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Article

Anti-Inflammatory Response and Muscarinic Cholinergic Regulation during the Laxative Effect of Asparagus cochinchinensis in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of SD Rats

by
Ji Eun Kim
1,
Ji Won Park
1,
Mi Ju Kang
1,
Hyeon Jun Choi
1,
Su Ji Bae
1,
You Sang Choi
1,
Young Ju Lee
1,
Hee Seob Lee
2,
Jin Tae Hong
3 and
Dae Youn Hwang
1,*
1
Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea
2
College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
3
College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju 361-763, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(4), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040946
Submission received: 31 December 2018 / Revised: 15 February 2019 / Accepted: 19 February 2019 / Published: 21 February 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Nutrients, Immunity and Inflammation)
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Abstract

Several types of saponins and herbal plants containing saponins have been reported to have anti-inflammatory or laxative activities. To verify the therapeutic effects of saponin-enriched extracts of Asparagus cochinchinensis (SPA) on the anti-inflammatory response and on the cholinergic regulation in the gastrointestinal system, an alteration on the constipation phenotypes, on the inflammatory responses, and on the muscarinic cholinergic regulation were investigated in the transverse colons of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation after the treatment of SPA. Significant increases were observed on the total number of stools, the gastrointestinal transit, the thickness of the mucosal layer, the flat luminal surface, the number of paneth cells, and the lipid droplets in the Lop + SPA-treated group as compared to the Lop + Vehicle-treated group. SPA treatment induced the recovery of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and IL-6), inflammatory mediators (NF-κB and iNOS), the total number of infiltered mast cells, and mucin secretion. Also, some similar improvements were observed on the levels of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and on the phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC) as well as the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M2/M3 (mAChR M2/M3) and their mediators. The results presented herein provide the first strong evidence that SPA stimulates anti-inflammatory responses and the muscarinic cholinergic regulation when exerting its laxative effects in the chronic constipation of Lop-induced models.
Keywords: constipation; Asparagus cochinchinensis; inflammation; cytokines; acetylcholine esterase; muscarinic acetylcholine receptors constipation; Asparagus cochinchinensis; inflammation; cytokines; acetylcholine esterase; muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
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MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, J.E.; Park, J.W.; Kang, M.J.; Choi, H.J.; Bae, S.J.; Choi, Y.S.; Lee, Y.J.; Lee, H.S.; Hong, J.T.; Hwang, D.Y. Anti-Inflammatory Response and Muscarinic Cholinergic Regulation during the Laxative Effect of Asparagus cochinchinensis in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of SD Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040946

AMA Style

Kim JE, Park JW, Kang MJ, Choi HJ, Bae SJ, Choi YS, Lee YJ, Lee HS, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Anti-Inflammatory Response and Muscarinic Cholinergic Regulation during the Laxative Effect of Asparagus cochinchinensis in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of SD Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(4):946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040946

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Ji Eun, Ji Won Park, Mi Ju Kang, Hyeon Jun Choi, Su Ji Bae, You Sang Choi, Young Ju Lee, Hee Seob Lee, Jin Tae Hong, and Dae Youn Hwang. 2019. "Anti-Inflammatory Response and Muscarinic Cholinergic Regulation during the Laxative Effect of Asparagus cochinchinensis in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of SD Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4: 946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040946

APA Style

Kim, J. E., Park, J. W., Kang, M. J., Choi, H. J., Bae, S. J., Choi, Y. S., Lee, Y. J., Lee, H. S., Hong, J. T., & Hwang, D. Y. (2019). Anti-Inflammatory Response and Muscarinic Cholinergic Regulation during the Laxative Effect of Asparagus cochinchinensis in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of SD Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(4), 946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040946

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