Thinking Outside the Bug: Molecular Targets and Strategies to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bacterial Resistance and Evolution of Antibiotics
2.1. First Generation Antibiotics and Their Analogs
2.2. Prodrugs and Antibiotic Derivatives
2.3. Discovering New Molecules Using Bioinformatics and Rational Design
2.4. Combinatorial Chemistry and High Throughput Screening
2.5. Towards New Approaches for Antibacterial Drug Design
3. Targeting Non-Essential Processes: The Key to Overcome Resistance
3.1. Bacterial Communication: Quorum Sensing
3.2. Host–Pathogen Interactions
3.2.1. Cell Adhesion and Colonization
3.2.2. Virulence Factors and Toxins
3.2.3. Signaling
4. Another Alternative: Enhancing Host Cell Immune Response
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AHL | acyl-homoserine lactone |
AIP | autoinducer peptide |
AMPs | antimicrobial peptides |
BID | BH3 interacting-domain death agonist |
CBP | 4-chlorobiphenyl)methyl |
d-Ala | d-Alanine |
EPEC | Enteropathogenic E. coli |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
FPRL-1 | formyl peptide receptor like-1 |
HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
MRSA | methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
QS | quorum sensing |
RHIM | receptor-interacting protein homotypic interaction motif |
RIP | receptor-interacting protein |
RIPK1 | receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 |
RIPK3 | receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 |
SAM | S-adenosylmethionine |
T3SS | type three secretion system |
TRIF | TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β |
VRE | vancomycin-resistant enterococcus |
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Monserrat-Martinez, A.; Gambin, Y.; Sierecki, E. Thinking Outside the Bug: Molecular Targets and Strategies to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061255
Monserrat-Martinez A, Gambin Y, Sierecki E. Thinking Outside the Bug: Molecular Targets and Strategies to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(6):1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061255
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonserrat-Martinez, Ana, Yann Gambin, and Emma Sierecki. 2019. "Thinking Outside the Bug: Molecular Targets and Strategies to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6: 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061255