The Role of Tocotrienol in Preventing Male Osteoporosis—A Review of Current Evidence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Composition of T3 Used
3. Effects of T3 on Bone Growth
4. Effects of T3 on Bone Loss Due to Androgen Deficiency (Late-Onset or Drug-Induced Hypogonadism)
5. Effects of T3 on Bone Loss Due to Metabolic Syndrome
6. Effects of T3 on Bone Loss Due to Cigarette-Smoking
7. Effects of T3 on Bone Loss Due to Alcohol
8. Effects of T3 on Bone Loss Due to Glucocorticoid
9. Mechanism of Action of T3 in Protecting Bone Health
9.1. Oxidative Stress
9.2. Inflammation
9.3. Mevalonate Pathway
10. Perspectives on the Use of T3
11. Limitations
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Vitamin E Used | Composition of Vitamin E (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
αTP | αT3 | γT3 | δT3 | ||
[35] | Palm vitamin E | 24.4 | 21.6 | 27.7 | 11 |
[36,37] | Palm vitamin E | 24.83 | 20.73 | 26.68 | 13.32 |
[38] | Palm vitamin E | 22.48 | 23.16 | 36.89 | 12.57 |
[33,39] | Palm vitamin E | 21.9 | 24.7 | 36.9 | 12 |
[46] | Palm T3 | 18.43 | 14.62 | 32.45 | 23.93 |
[29,30,31,32,40,41] | Annatto T3 | 10 | 90 | ||
[42,43] | Palm T3-enriched fraction | 43 | 31 | 14 |
Ref | Induction of Bone Loss | Treatment | Period | Skeletal Properties Affected by T3 | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BV/TV | Tb.N | Tb.Th | Tb.Sp | SMI | Connectivity Density | Cortical Indices | Ob.N or Ob.S | Oc.N or Oc.S | ES/BS | OS/BS | OV/BV | sLS/BS | dLS/BS | MS | MAR | BFS/MS | BMD | Bone Calcium Content | Biomechanical Strength | ||||
[29] | Orchidectomy | AnT3 60 mg/kg | 2 months | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | ↓ | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ | ↑ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | |||||||||
[40] | Orchidectomy | AnT3 60 mg/kg | 2 months | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |||||||||||||||
[41] | Orchidectomy | AnT3 60 mg/kg | 2 months | ↑ (tibia) | ↔ | ||||||||||||||||||
[35] | Orchidectomy | PVE 30 mg/kg | 8 months | ↑ | ↑ (lumbar) | ||||||||||||||||||
[30] | Chemical castration by buserelin | AnT3 60 or 100 mg/kg | 3 months | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | ↓ | ↔ | ↑ | ↑ thickness | ↑ (femur) | ↑ | |||||||||||
[31] | Chemical castration by buserelin | AnT3 60 or 100 mg/kg | 3 months | ↑ | ↔ | ↑ | ↔ | ↓ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ | ↑ (60 mg/kg only) | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | |||||||
[32] | Metabolic syndrome | AnT3 60 or 100 mg/kg | 4 months | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↔ | ↑ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↑ (60 mg/kg) | ↔ | ↔ | ↑ (60 mg/kg only) | ↔ | ↔ (femoral) | ↑ | |
[33] | Metabolic syndrome | Palm T3 60 or 100 mg/kg | 4 months | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ (femoral) | ↑ | |||||||||||
[39] | Metabolic syndrome | Palm T3 60 or 100 mg/kg | 4 months | ↑ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↑ | ↔ | ↓ (100 mg/kg) | ↑ | ↔ | ↓ (60 mg/kg) | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | |||||
[37] | Glucocorticoid | γ-T3 60 mg/kg | 2 months | ↔ | ↑ (lumbar) | ||||||||||||||||||
[36] | Glucocorticoid | PVE 60 mg/kg | 2 months | ↑ | ↑ (femoral) | ||||||||||||||||||
[42] | Nicotine | Palm T3 enriched fraction, γ-T3 60 mg/kg | 2 months | ↑ | ↔ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |||||||||||
[38] | Alcohol | PVE 60 mg/kg | 2 months | ↑ (tibial) | ↑ |
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Chin, K.-Y.; Ima-Nirwana, S. The Role of Tocotrienol in Preventing Male Osteoporosis—A Review of Current Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061355
Chin K-Y, Ima-Nirwana S. The Role of Tocotrienol in Preventing Male Osteoporosis—A Review of Current Evidence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(6):1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061355
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin, Kok-Yong, and Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana. 2019. "The Role of Tocotrienol in Preventing Male Osteoporosis—A Review of Current Evidence" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6: 1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061355
APA StyleChin, K. -Y., & Ima-Nirwana, S. (2019). The Role of Tocotrienol in Preventing Male Osteoporosis—A Review of Current Evidence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(6), 1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061355