Iron and Sphingolipids as Common Players of (Mal)Adaptation to Hypoxia in Pulmonary Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Maladaptation to Hypoxia: The Case of HAPE and Respiratory Pathologies
2.1. High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
2.2. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
2.3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2.4. Cystic Fibrosis
3. The Variegate Pathways Involved in Hypoxia Adaptation
3.1. Hypoxia and Iron Metabolism: Role of Hepcidin
3.1.1. Iron Metabolism and HAPE
3.1.2. Iron Metabolism and ARDS
3.1.3. Iron Metabolism and COPD
3.1.4. Iron Metabolism and CF
3.2. Hypoxia and Sphingolipid Metabolism
3.2.1. Role of Ceramide
3.2.2. Role of Sphingosine 1 Phosphate
3.2.3. SPL Metabolism and HAPE
3.2.4. SPL Metabolism and ARDS
3.2.5. SPL Metabolism and COPD
3.2.6. SPL Metabolism and CF
4. Perspectives: Sphingolipid and Iron Metabolism in the Prognosis and Treatment of Chronic Respiratory Diseases
4.1. Sphingolipids and Iron Interplay
4.2. The Potential Prognostic Factors
4.3. Enhancing Hypoxia Adaptive Mechanism for the Treatment of Inflammatory Anemia
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CDase | ceramidase |
Cer | ceramide |
CF | Cystic Fibrosis |
CFTR | Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator |
COPD | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
Fpn | ferroportin |
HAPE | High altitude pulmonary edema |
Hb | hemoglobin |
HIF | Hypoxia-inducible factor |
HPV | Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasocostriction |
nSMase | neutral sphingomyelinase |
O2 | oxygen |
S1P | sphingosine 1 phosphate |
Sph | sphingosine |
SPL | sphingolipids |
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Parameter | High Altitude Good Adaptation | High Altitude Bad Adaptation (HAPE) | ARDS | COPD | Cystic Fibrosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
hepcidin | Low [44,45,46] | High [54] | High (anemic ICU patients [49]) | Low in stable [57,124] high in exacerbations [125] | Low in stable kids [126] |
ferritin | Low [44,45] | Normal/high [54] | High [55] | Normal/high [56] | Normal/high [61] |
Erythropoietin (EPO) | High [44,45] | High [127] | ? | high [56] low in exacerbations [128] | Normal/high [61] |
hemoglobin | High [35] | Very high/low [44,45] | Low (ICU patients) [14] | high [128] Low in worse prognosis [128] | Normal/Low [61] |
SPL Metabolites | S1P high [86] | Cer High [87] | S1PR3 high [129] and SMase high [92] in worse prognosis | Cer High [98,130] | Cer high [121] |
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Ottolenghi, S.; Zulueta, A.; Caretti, A. Iron and Sphingolipids as Common Players of (Mal)Adaptation to Hypoxia in Pulmonary Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010307
Ottolenghi S, Zulueta A, Caretti A. Iron and Sphingolipids as Common Players of (Mal)Adaptation to Hypoxia in Pulmonary Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(1):307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010307
Chicago/Turabian StyleOttolenghi, Sara, Aida Zulueta, and Anna Caretti. 2020. "Iron and Sphingolipids as Common Players of (Mal)Adaptation to Hypoxia in Pulmonary Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1: 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010307