Adipokines Expression and Effects in Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Early Embryo Development: Lessons from Mammals and Birds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization, and Early Embryo Development in Mammals
2.1. Oocyte Maturation and Fertilization
2.2. Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation
3. Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization, and Early Embryo Development in Birds
3.1. Oocyte Maturation
3.2. Fertilization
- Penetration of the spermatozoon in the ovular cytoplasm;
- Activation of the oocyte;
- Fusion of the haploid nuclei of the two gametes and the reconstitution of a new diploid cell: the zygote.
3.3. Early Embryo Development
4. Adipokines and Their Receptors
4.1. Leptin
4.2. Adiponectin
4.3. Visfatin
4.4. Chemerin
5. Involvement of Adipokines in the Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization, and Early Embryo Development in Mammals and Birds
5.1. Leptin
5.1.1. Oocyte Maturation
5.1.2. Fertilization and Embryo Development
5.2. Adiponectin
5.3. Visfatin
5.4. Chemerin
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADIPOQ | Adiponectin |
ADIPOR1 | Adiponectin receptor 1 |
ADIPOR2 | Adiponectin receptor 2 |
apM1 | Adipose most abundant gene transcript 1 protein |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
CCRL2 | CC motif chemokine receptor like 2 |
cDNA | Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid |
CMKLR1 | Chemokine like receptor 1 |
COCs | Cumulus-Oocyte-Complexe |
COX2 | Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II |
EDD | Early embryo development |
EGK | Eyal-Giladi and Kochav |
E2 | Estradiol |
FSH | Follicule stimulating hormone |
GPR1 | G protein coupled receptor 1 |
GV | Germinal vesicule |
hCG | human Chorionic Gonadotropin |
HH | Hamburger and Hamilton |
HMW | High molecular weight |
HPG | Hypothalamus pituitary gonadal |
ICM | Inner cell mass |
IGF-1 | Insulin like Growth Factor alpha |
IVF | In Vitro Fertilization |
IVM | In Vitro Maturation |
KO | Knockout |
LEPR | Leptin receptor |
LH | Luteinizing Hormone |
MAPK | Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases |
mRNA | Messenger Ribonucleic acid |
NAMPT | Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase |
NMN | Mononucleotide nicotinamide |
P4 | Progesterone |
P450ssc | P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme |
PBEF | Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor |
PCOS | Polycystic ovary syndrome |
PGES | Prostaglandine E synthase |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
PM | Perivitellin membrane |
RARRES 2 | Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder protein 2 |
STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
SNPs | Single nucleotide polymorphisme |
TE | Trophectoderm |
TIG2 | Tazarotene-induced gene 2 |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
WAT | White adipose tissue |
ZP | Zona pellucida |
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Protein (Name) | Gene | Gene Location | Protein (Description) | Synthesis | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leptin | LEP/OB | 7q32.1 | 167 aa | WAT but also placenta | [53] |
Leptin Receptor | LEPR | 1p31.3. | 1.165 aa (6 isoforms, a to f). LepR-b has intracellular signaling. LepR-e is a soluble receptor and binds plasma leptin. | LepR-b: strongly expressed in hypothalamus, but also in skeletal muscle. Ubiquitous | [54,55] |
Adiponectin | ADIPOQ | 3q27.3. | 244 aa Full-length and Globular adiponectin (f and gADN) Three types of complex:Low molecular weight (LMW, 67 kDa), Middle molecular weight (MMW, 136 kDa), High molecular weight (HMW, >300 kDa). | Adipocytes | [56] |
ADIPOR1 | ADIPO R1 | 1q32.1 | 375 aa | Skeletal muscles and ubiquitously | [56,57] |
ADIPOR2 | ADIPO R2 | 12p13.33 | 386 aa | Liver and ubiquitously | [56,57] |
Visfatin | NAMPT | 7q22.3 | 491 aa | ubiquitously | [58] |
Chemerin | RARRES2 | 7q36.1 | 163 aa | White adipose tissue and liver | [59,60] |
CMKLR1 | CMKLR1 | 12q23.3 | 373 aa | ubiquitously | [60,61,62] |
GPR1 | GPR1 | 2q33.3 | 355 aa | ubiquitously | [60,61,62] |
CCRL2 | CCRL2 | 3p21.31 | 344 aa | ubiquitously | [60,61,62] |
Protein (Name) | Gene | Gene Location | Protein (Description) | Synthesis | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leptin | LEP | Chr 1 (1p) | 198 aa | mainly in brain and pituitary | [67,70,73] |
Leptin Receptor | LEPR | Chr8 | 1146 aa | ubiquitously | [74] |
Adiponectin | ADIPOQ | Chr9 | 244 aa | mainly fat tissue, heart, stomach and skin and ubiquitously | [75] |
ADIPOR1 | ADIPOR1 | Chr32 | 376 aa | ubiquitously | [76,77] |
ADIPOR2 | ADIPOR2 | Chr1 | 387 aa | ubiquitously | [76,77] |
Visfatin | NAMPT | Chr1 | 493 aa | ubiquitously | [78,79,80] |
Chemerin | RARRES2 | Chr2 | 162 aa | mainly liver (turkey) | [79] |
CMKLR1 | CMKLR1 | Chr15 | 360 aa | ubiquitously | [79] |
GPR1 | GPR1 | Chr7 | 420 aa | ubiquitously | [79] |
CCRL2 | CCRL2 | Nd | nd | Pectoralis muscle and ubiquitously | [79] |
Protein | Leptin | Leptin Receptor | Adiponectin | ADIPOR1 | ADIPOR2 | Visfatin | Chemerin | CMKLR1 | GPR1 | CCRL2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Identity % | 30 | 47 | 57 | 91 | 82 | 94 | 36 | 56 | 64 | nd |
Accession number or ref. | [81] | P48357 and Q9I8V6 | [82] | [77] | [77] | [80] | Q99969 and A0A0K0PUH6 | Q99788 and A0A1D5P7P2 | F1NYB0 and P46091 |
Adipokine Component Modified | Genetic Transformation | Ovarian Consequences | References |
---|---|---|---|
Leptin | Total Knockout (KO) | no mature follicles or corpora lutea were detected suppression of ovarian folliculogenesis and increase in ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis | [117] |
Leptin-R | -Total KO (db mice) -Conditional deletion (cells expressing LH-β) | -Reduction of ovarian functions that are not due to Leptin-R expression in ovary -Reduction of litter size | [118,119] |
Adiponectin | -Total KO | -Reduction of oocytes retrieval, disruption of estrous cycle, elevation of atretic follicles number, and decrease in late folliculogenesis | [120] |
Protein | Oocytes | Embryos |
---|---|---|
Leptin | Mice (protein, [123]), Goat (protein, [127]), Human ([121,122]; Bovine [128] | Mouse and Human [122], Bovine [128], Rabbit [129], Chicken [130] |
Leptin receptor | Rodent (protein, [123]), Goat (protein [127]), Bovine [128] | Chicken [131], Bovine [128] |
Adiponectin | Rat [132], Bovine [9] | Rabbit [133], Chicken [81] |
Adiponectin Receptors | Rat [132], Bovine [9], Pig [134], and Human [135] | Rabbit [133], Chicken [81,136], Pig [134] |
Visfatin | Rodent [137], Human [138], Bovine [139] | Chicken [140] |
Chemerin | Bovine [141] | Chicken [140] |
Chemerin receptors | Bovine [141] | Chicken [140] |
Cell Type | Species | Time of Incubation | Dose ng/mL | Origin of Leptin | Medium | Effects on Oocyte and/or Embryo | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-Secondary follicle | sheep | 18 days | 25 | human | α-MEM+ | | [171] |
COCs | buffalo | 24 h (IVM), 48 h (cleavage rate) and day 8 post IVF (blastocyst rate) | 10 | nd | TCM-199 (IVM) FerTALP (IVC) | | [172] |
COCs | buffalo | 24 h (IVM) | 10 and 50 | mouse | TCM-199 | | [173] |
Preantral follicles and COCs | sheep | 6 days and 24 h for IVM | 10 | human | TCM-199 | | [174] |
COCs | buffalo | 24 h (IVM) | 10 | mouse | TCM-199 | | [148] |
COCs | calf | 24 h (IVM) | 1 or 10 | nd | TCM-199 | | [143] |
COCs | Prepubertal calf | 24 h (IVM) 48 h (cleavage) 8 days (blastocyst) | 10, 100 or 1000 | human | TCM-199 (IVM)FerTALP (IVC) | No effect on cleavage and blastocyst levels | [175] |
COCs | bovine | 24 h (IVM) 7 days (blastocyst) | 10, 100 | human | TCM-199 FerTALP (IVC) | | [176] |
COCs | rabbit | 16 h (IVM) | 1, 10, 100 | nd | TCM-199 | (nuclear oocyte maturation) | [177] |
COCs | horse | 28 to 30 h (IVM) | 100 | human | TCM-199 | | [145] |
COCs | mouse | 24 h (IVM) | 10 | mouse | M16 | | [178] |
COCs | bovine | 20–22 h (IVM) | 1, 10 | human | TCM-199 | | [144] |
COCs | bovine | 22–24 h (IVM) 7 days (blastocyst) | 1, 10, 100 | human | TCM-199FerTALP (IVC) | | [169] |
COCs | pig | 24–48 h (IVM) | 10, 100, 1000 | human | TCM-199 | with 10 and 100 ng/mL | [146] |
Preovulatory follicle-enclosed oocytes | mouse | 24 h (IVM) | 10, 100, 1000 | human | TCM-199 | | [123] |
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Estienne, A.; Brossaud, A.; Reverchon, M.; Ramé, C.; Froment, P.; Dupont, J. Adipokines Expression and Effects in Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Early Embryo Development: Lessons from Mammals and Birds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103581
Estienne A, Brossaud A, Reverchon M, Ramé C, Froment P, Dupont J. Adipokines Expression and Effects in Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Early Embryo Development: Lessons from Mammals and Birds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(10):3581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103581
Chicago/Turabian StyleEstienne, Anthony, Adeline Brossaud, Maxime Reverchon, Christelle Ramé, Pascal Froment, and Joëlle Dupont. 2020. "Adipokines Expression and Effects in Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Early Embryo Development: Lessons from Mammals and Birds" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10: 3581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103581