Supernumerary B Chromosomes and Plant Genome Changes: A Snapshot of Wild Populations of Aegilops speltoides Tausch (Poaceae, Triticeae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Rearrangements of B Chromosomes and Ectopic Associations with Standard A Chromosomes During Mitosis and Meiosis
2.1.1. Ectopic B-A Chromosome Associations and Rearrangements of B Chromosomes in Somatic Cells
2.1.2. Ectopic B-A Chromosome Associations and Rearrangements of B Chromosomes in Meiotic Cells
2.2. Variability in the Copy Numbers of the Angela, Wilma, and Stasy Retrotransposons and Spelt1 Tandem Repeat in the Spike Tissues of Individual Plants
2.2.1. Differences Between Individual Genotypes in Abundances of the Angela, Wilma, and Stasy Retrotransposons and Spelt1 Tandem Repeat
2.2.2. Differences in the Copy Numbers of the Angela, Wilma, and Stasy Retrotransposons and Spelt1 Tandem Repeat between Somatic and Generative Tissues of the Same Spike
2.2.3. Inter-Individual and Intra-Organismal Similarities in the Copy Number Dynamics of the Angela, Wilma, and Stasy retrotransposons and Spelt1 Tandem Repeat
3. Discussion
3.1. Rearrangements and Ectopic Recombination in Both Mitosis and Meiosis as Inherent Characteristics of B Chromosomes
3.2. Origin of B Chromosomes in Ae. speltoides
3.3. Role of B Chromosomes in Stabilizing the Genome
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Experiments
4.3. DNA Isolation and Cytogenetic Screening
4.4. Real-Time Quantitative PCR, Retrotransposon Sequence Sources, and Primer Design
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
A | A chromosome |
B | B chromosome |
DAPI | 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole |
FISH | fluorescent in situ hybridization |
qPCR | real-time quantitative PCR |
TE | transposable element |
TR | tandem repeat |
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No. | Populations: Origin, Source | Geographical Zone, Elevation, and Coordinates | Population Size, Location | Morphotype |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tartus, Syria 1 PI 487238 | Mediterranean 600 m 35°07′ N, 36°07′ E | N/A; cultivated field * | ssp. aucheri |
2 | Kishon, Israel 2 2.22 | Mediterranean 2 m 32°48′ N; 35°02′ E | small; natural habitat endangered | ssp. ligustica ssp. aucheri |
3 | Technion, Israel 2 2.36 | Mediterranean 265 m 32°46′ N, 35°00′ E | small; natural abitat; extinct | ssp. ligustica, ssp. aucheri |
4 | Ramat haNadiv, Israel 2 2.46 | Mediterranean 100–125 m 32°33′ N, 34°56′ E | big; natural habitat, interrupted area | ssp. ligustica, ssp. aucheri, intermediate |
5 | Katzir, Israel 2 2.93 | Mediterranean 233–250 m 32°29′ N, 35°05′ E | big; natural habitat | ssp. aucheri |
Ty1-copia, Angela | Ty3-gypsy, Wilma | LINE, Stasy | Tandem Repeat, Spelt1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | copies/1C | copies/1C | copies/1C | copies/1C |
Kishon (0B) | ||||
Ks(0B)-pst | 697 | 172 | 6 | 204 |
Ks(0B)-prm | 966 | 205 | 8 | 195 |
Ks(0B)-mei | 796 | 182 | 5 | 175 |
Ks(0B)-pol | 1,729 | 385 | 12 | 173 |
average | 1047 | 236 | 8 | 187 |
max/min ratio * | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 1.2 |
Kishon (3B) | ||||
Ks(3B)-pst | 1,030 | 140 | 5 | 586 |
Ks(3B)-prm | 1,847 | 315 | 11 | 521 |
Ks(3B)-mei | 1,836 | 283 | 9 | 447 |
Ks(3B)-pol | 1,381 | 213 | 7 | 329 |
average | 1524 | 238 | 8 | 471 |
max/min ratio * | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.8 |
Technion (0B) | ||||
Tn(0B)-pst | 1,103 | 164 | 5 | 311 |
Tn(0B)-prm | 1,531 | 310 | 14 | 377 |
Tn(0B)-mei | 1,790 | 294 | 10 | 323 |
Tn(0B)-pol | 1,303 | 225 | 5 | 204 |
average | 1432 | 248 | 8 | 304 |
max/min ratio * | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 1.8 |
Technion (3B) | ||||
Tn(3B)-pst | 1,599 | 235 | 8 | 634 |
Tn(3B)-prm | 3,377 | 558 | 20 | 383 |
Tn(3B)-mei | 2,057 | 373 | 7 | 499 |
Tn(3B)-pol | 1,880 | 334 | 8 | 689 |
average | 2228 | 375 | 11 | 551 |
max/min ratio * | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 1.8 |
Ramat haNadiv (0B) | ||||
RH(0B)-pst | 1,107 | 197 | 6 | 64,533 |
RH(0B)-prm | 2,419 | 486 | 17 | 99,552 |
RH(0B)-mei | 1,575 | 301 | 9 | 79,481 |
RH(0B)-pol | 1,615 | 250 | 7 | 101,945 |
average | 1679 | 309 | 10 | 86378 |
max/min ratio * | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 1.6 |
Ramat haNadiv (3B) | ||||
RH(3B)-pst | 2,913 | 432 | 18 | 184,644 |
RH(3B)-prm | 4,510 | 856 | 30 | 185,272 |
RH(3B)-mei | 4,201 | 754 | 26 | 190,825 |
RH(3B)-pol | 4,686 | 852 | 32 | 147,443 |
average | 4078 | 723 | 26 | 177046 |
max/min ratio * | 1.6 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 |
T. urartu | ||||
T. urartu-lv | 3,192 | 713 | 27 | 1 |
Genotype | TE/TE and TE/TR Correlation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Wilma | Stasy | Spelt1 | ||
Kishon (0B) | Angela | 1.00 | 0.97 | −0.62 |
Wilma | 0.96 | −0.62 | ||
Stasy | −0.44 | |||
Kishon (3B) | Angela | 0.99 | 0.96 | −0.16 |
Wilma | 0.98 | −0.15 | ||
Stasy | 0.02 | |||
Technion (0B) | Angela | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.50 |
Wilma | 0.90 | 0.45 | ||
Stasy | 0.80 | |||
Technion (3B) | Angela | 0.97 | 0.92 | −0.87 |
Wilma | 0.81 | −0.79 | ||
Stasy | −0.75 | |||
Ramat haNadiv (0B) | Angela | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.73 |
Wilma | 1.00 | 0.57 | ||
Stasy | 0.54 | |||
Ramat haNadiv (3B) | Angela | 1.00 | 0.98 | −0.44 |
Wilma | 0.97 | −0.38 | ||
Stasy | −0.60 |
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Shams, I.; Raskina, O. Supernumerary B Chromosomes and Plant Genome Changes: A Snapshot of Wild Populations of Aegilops speltoides Tausch (Poaceae, Triticeae). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3768. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113768
Shams I, Raskina O. Supernumerary B Chromosomes and Plant Genome Changes: A Snapshot of Wild Populations of Aegilops speltoides Tausch (Poaceae, Triticeae). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(11):3768. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113768
Chicago/Turabian StyleShams, Imad, and Olga Raskina. 2020. "Supernumerary B Chromosomes and Plant Genome Changes: A Snapshot of Wild Populations of Aegilops speltoides Tausch (Poaceae, Triticeae)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11: 3768. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113768