S100A6 and Its Brain Ligands in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Expression of S100A6 in the Brain
3. Changes in S100A6 Expression in Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.1. S100A6 and Alzheimer‘s Disease (AD)
3.2. S100A6 and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
4. Expression of CacyBP/SIP in Normal Brain and in Neurodegeneration
5. Expression of Sgt1 in Normal Brain and in Neurodegeneration
6. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
ALS | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
C.A. | Suppressor of G2 corpora amylacea |
CacyBP/SIP | Calcyclin (S100A6) binding protein/Siah-1 interacting protein |
DS | Down syndrome |
HD | Huntington’s disease |
PD | Parkinson’s disease |
Sgt1 | Suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 |
TBI | Traumatic brain injury. |
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Protein | Disease | Examined Region | Expression | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
S100A6 | Alzheimer disease (AD) | - neocortex (white and gray matter) - prefrontal cortex - hippocampus | - immunoreactivity in astrocytes↑ - immunoreactivity in center and border zone of β amyloid plaques↑ - mRNA↑ | [33,38] |
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | - brainstem - spinal cord (dorsal root) - spinal cord (pyramidal tract) | - mRNA↑ - immunoreactivity in astrocytes↑ - protein ↑ | [39,40,41] | |
Epileptogenesis | - cortex | - mRNA ↑ | [20,46,48] | |
- hippocampus (CA1 and CA3) | - immunoreactivity in astrocytes↑ | |||
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) | - cerebral cortex | - mRNA↑ | [47] | |
- hippocampus | - mRNA↓ | [50] | ||
- protein↓ | ||||
- immunoreactivity | ||||
in pyramidal neurons↓ | ||||
Stress | - cortex - brainstem - hippocampus - hypothalamus | - protein↓ - immunoreactivity in neurons and tanycytes↓ | [18] | |
CacyBP/SIP | Alzheimer disease (AD) | - hippocampus | - protein – not changed | [62] |
- parieto-temporal cortex | ||||
Parkinson disease (PD) | - olfactory bulbs | - protein↓ | [64] | |
Huntington disease (HD) | - striatum | - mRNA↑ | [66] | |
- protein↑ | ||||
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | - non-motor cortex | - protein↑ | [41] | |
- spinal cord (pyramidal tract) | - protein↓ | |||
Stress | - thalamus/ | - protein↑ | [67] | |
hypothalamus | ||||
- hippocampus | ||||
- brainstem | ||||
Down syndrome (DS) | - mouse embryo | - protein ↑ | [68] | |
Bipolar disorder (BD) | - lymphoblastoid cells | - mRNA ↑ | [70] | |
Sgt1 | Alzheimer disease (AD) | - cortex (temporal, angular, posterior cingulate) | - number of Sgt1 positive cells↓ | [74] |
Parkinson disease (PD) | - temporal cortex | - mRNA↑ | [75] | |
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) | - substantia nigra | - mRNA ↑ | [75] |
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Filipek, A.; Leśniak, W. S100A6 and Its Brain Ligands in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113979
Filipek A, Leśniak W. S100A6 and Its Brain Ligands in Neurodegenerative Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(11):3979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113979
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilipek, Anna, and Wiesława Leśniak. 2020. "S100A6 and Its Brain Ligands in Neurodegenerative Disorders" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11: 3979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113979