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Article

Class I KNOX Is Related to Determinacy during the Leaf Development of the Fern Mickelia scandens (Dryopteridaceae)

by
Rafael Cruz
1,2,*,
Gladys F. A. Melo-de-Pinna
2,
Alejandra Vasco
3,
Jefferson Prado
1,4 and
Barbara A. Ambrose
5
1
Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Estéfano 3687, São Paulo (SP) CEP 04301-902, Brazil
2
Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo (SP) CEP 05422-971, Brazil
3
Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 1700 University Drive, Fort Worth, TX 76107-3400, USA
4
UNESP, IBILCE, Depto. de Zoologia e Botânica, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto (SP) CEP 15054-000, Brazil
5
The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(12), 4295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124295
Submission received: 2 May 2020 / Revised: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 12 June 2020 / Published: 16 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Leaf Morphogenesis)
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Abstract

Unlike seed plants, ferns leaves are considered to be structures with delayed determinacy, with a leaf apical meristem similar to the shoot apical meristems. To better understand the meristematic organization during leaf development and determinacy control, we analyzed the cell divisions and expression of Class I KNOX genes in Mickelia scandens, a fern that produces larger leaves with more pinnae in its climbing form than in its terrestrial form. We performed anatomical, in situ hybridization, and qRT-PCR experiments with histone H4 (cell division marker) and Class I KNOX genes. We found that Class I KNOX genes are expressed in shoot apical meristems, leaf apical meristems, and pinnae primordia. During early development, cell divisions occur in the most distal regions of the analyzed structures, including pinnae, and are not restricted to apical cells. Fern leaves and pinnae bear apical meristems that may partially act as indeterminate shoots, supporting the hypothesis of homology between shoots and leaves. Class I KNOX expression is correlated with indeterminacy in the apex and leaf of ferns, suggesting a conserved function for these genes in euphyllophytes with compound leaves.
Keywords: apical meristems; Class I KNOX genes; compound leaves; determinacy; Dryopteridaceae; ferns; leaf development; pinna development; shoot development apical meristems; Class I KNOX genes; compound leaves; determinacy; Dryopteridaceae; ferns; leaf development; pinna development; shoot development

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cruz, R.; Melo-de-Pinna, G.F.A.; Vasco, A.; Prado, J.; Ambrose, B.A. Class I KNOX Is Related to Determinacy during the Leaf Development of the Fern Mickelia scandens (Dryopteridaceae). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124295

AMA Style

Cruz R, Melo-de-Pinna GFA, Vasco A, Prado J, Ambrose BA. Class I KNOX Is Related to Determinacy during the Leaf Development of the Fern Mickelia scandens (Dryopteridaceae). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(12):4295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124295

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cruz, Rafael, Gladys F. A. Melo-de-Pinna, Alejandra Vasco, Jefferson Prado, and Barbara A. Ambrose. 2020. "Class I KNOX Is Related to Determinacy during the Leaf Development of the Fern Mickelia scandens (Dryopteridaceae)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 12: 4295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124295

APA Style

Cruz, R., Melo-de-Pinna, G. F. A., Vasco, A., Prado, J., & Ambrose, B. A. (2020). Class I KNOX Is Related to Determinacy during the Leaf Development of the Fern Mickelia scandens (Dryopteridaceae). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(12), 4295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124295

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