Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of UPM on the Migration and Survival of HCE Cells
2.2. Effects of UPM on the Ocular Surface in Rats
2.3. Effects of UPM on the Stability of Tear Film and Tear Volume
2.4. Effects of UPM on Corneal Thickness and Cell Apoptosis
2.5. Effect of UPM on Corneal IL-6 Expression
2.6. Effect of UPM on IOP
2.7. Effects of UPM on Retinal Thickness and Cell Apoptosis
2.8. Effect of UPM on Retinal Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Expression
2.9. Effects of UPM on Conjunctival Goblet Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. The Source and Components of UPM
4.2. Corneal Epithelial Cell Culture
4.3. Scratch Wound Healing Assay
4.4. Cell Viability
4.5. Animals
4.6. Tear Volume Measurement
4.7. Fluorescein Staining and TBUT
4.8. Intraocular Pressure (IOP)
4.9. Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT)
4.10. PAS and Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining
4.11. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick end Labeling (TUNEL) Staining
4.12. Immunohistochemical Staining
4.13. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ocular Pressure (mmHg) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Left (PBS) | Right (UPM) | p-Value | |
8 weeks | 12.9 ± 1.3 | 13.5 ± 1.4 | 0.239 ns |
12 weeks | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 14.0 ± 1.7 | 0.031 * |
16 weeks | 13.1 ± 2.2 | 15.7 ± 2.8 | 0.003 ** |
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Kang, W.S.; Choi, H.; Jang, G.; Lee, K.H.; Kim, E.; Kim, K.J.; Jeong, G.-Y.; Kim, J.S.; Na, C.-S.; Kim, S. Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144976
Kang WS, Choi H, Jang G, Lee KH, Kim E, Kim KJ, Jeong G-Y, Kim JS, Na C-S, Kim S. Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(14):4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144976
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Wan Seok, Hakjoon Choi, Goeun Jang, Ki Hoon Lee, Eun Kim, Kyeong Jo Kim, Gil-Yeon Jeong, Jin Seok Kim, Chang-Su Na, and Sunoh Kim. 2020. "Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14: 4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144976