The Association of Free Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids with the Severity of Depressive Symptoms in Stroke Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Subjects
4.2. Risk of Depression Assessment
4.3. Blood Collection
4.4. Fatty Acids Detection
4.5. Chemicals and Reagents for Detection of Fatty Acids Metabolites
4.6. Sample Preparation
4.7. Instrumentation and Software
4.8. HPLC Operating Parameters
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Beck 1 | Beck 2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Independent tests n = 74 | 9.98 ± 7.207 | 10.653 ± 7.529 | 0.315 |
Dependent tests n = 49 | 9.311 ± 7.034 | 10.653 ± 7.529 | 0.415 |
FFA [%] | Correlation Matrix at Stroke Onset Beck 1 n = 74 rs-Value | Mean [%] ± SD; Beck 1 n = 49 | Mean [%] ± SD; Beck 1 n = 74 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
C13:0 tridecanoic acid | −0.332 * | 0.299 ± 0.096 | 0.307 ± 0.092 | 0.62 |
C14:0 myristic acid | 0.008 | 1.192 ± 0.328 | 1.208 ± 0.381 | 0.81 |
C14:1 myristolenic acid | 0.064 | 0.070 ± 0.037 | 0.070 ± 0.038 | 0.99 |
C15:0 pentadecanoid acid | −0.120 | 0.182 ± 0.063 | 0.217 ± 0.108 | 0.04 |
C15:1 cis-10-pentadecanoid acid | −0.297 * | 0.072 ± 0.030 | 0.081 ± 0.036 | 0.16 |
C16:0 palmitic acid | 0.003 | 26.506 ± 1.670 | 26.802 ± 1.742 | 0.35 |
C16:1 palmitoleic acid | 0.166 | 2.216 ± 0.843 | 2.134 ± 0.747 | 0.57 |
C17:0 heptadecanoic acid | −0.173 | 0.291 ± 0.045 | 0.302 ± 0.050 | 0.23 |
C17:1 cis-10- heptadecanoid acid | −0.251 * | 0.084 ± 0.035 | 0.091 ± 0.035 | 0.27 |
C18:0 stearic acid | −0.274 * | 13.046 ± 2.037 | 13.314 ± 1.983 | 0.47 |
C18:1n9 ct oleic acid | 0.086 | 22.606 ± 4.158 | 22.591 ± 3.713 | 0.98 |
C18:1 vaccinic acid | 0.031 | 1.946 ± 0.346 | 1.978 ± 0.351 | 0.61 |
C18:2n6c linoleic acid | −0.016 | 11.392 ± 2.365 | 11.538 ± 2.333 | 0.74 |
C18:2n6t linoleic acid | 0.158 | 6.702 ± 1.581 | 6.141 ± 1.931 | 0.09 |
C18:3n6 gamma linoleic acid | 0.100 | 0.421 ± 0.204 | 0.386 ± 0.192 | 0.34 |
C18:3n3 linolenic acid | −0.0139 | 0.511 ± 0.156 | 0.504 ± 0.159 | 0.81 |
C18:4 stearidonate | −0.031 | 0.060 ± 0.028 | 0.057 ± 0.027 | 0.56 |
C20:0 arachidic acid | 0.039 | 0.217 ± 0.084 | 0.206 ± 0.073 | 0.46 |
C22:1/C20:1 Cis11- eicosanic acid | −0.015 | 0.177 ± 0.079 | 0.179 ± 0.069 | 0.93 |
C20:2 Cis-11-eicodienoic acid | 0.046 | 0.149 ± 0.037 | 0.151 ± 0.034 | 0.81 |
C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid | −0.234 * | 1.316 ± 0.329 | 1.283 ± 0.309 | 0.57 |
C20:4n6 arachidonic acid | −0.046 | 6.335 ± 1.363 | 6.305 ± 1.314 | 0.90 |
C20:3n3 Cis-11-eicosatrienoic acid | 0.115 | 0.030 ± 0.014 | 0.031 ± 0.014 | 0.88 |
C20:5n3 eicosapentaenoic acid | −0.095 | 0.620 ± 0.260 | 0.603 ± 0.258 | 0.73 |
C22:0 behenic acid | 0.179 | 0.248 ± 0.102 | 0.225 ± 0.098 | 0.21 |
C22:1n9 13 erucic acid | −0.035 | 0.065 ± 0.016 | 0.037 ± 0.016 | 0.33 |
C22:2 cis-docodienoic acid | 0.002 | 0.017 ± 0.031 | 0.022 ± 0.027 | 0.58 |
C23:0 tricosanoic acid | −0.019 | 0.219 ± 0.012 | 0.017 ± 0.011 | 0.79 |
C22:4n6 docosatetraenoate | −0.107 | 0.195 ± 0.095 | 0.233 ± 0.152 | 0.57 |
C22:5w3 ddocosapentaenate | −0.002 | 0.483 ± 0.080 | 0.223 ± 0.116 | 0.15 |
C24:0 lignoceric acid | 0.178 | 0.171 ± 0.275 | 0.460 ± 0.231 | 0.63 |
C22:6n3 docosahexaenoic acid | −0.293 * | 1.702 ± 0.079 | 0.153 ± 0.076 | 0.19 |
C24:1 nervonic acid | 0.201 | 0.460 ± 0.564 | 1.752 ± 0.531 | 0.62 |
FFA [%] | Beck 1 n = 49 rs-Value | Beck 2 n = 49 rs-Value | Delta Beck |
---|---|---|---|
C13:0 tridecanoic acid | −0.315 * | −0.098 | 0.276 |
C14:0 myristic acid | 0.185 | 0.188 | 0.015 |
C14:1 myristolenic acid | 0.180 | 0.205 | 0.046 |
C15:0 pentadecanoid acid | −0.013 | 0.103 | 0.157 |
C15:1 cis-10-pentadecanoid acid | −0.274 | −0.066 | 0.263 |
C16:0 palmitic acid | 0.081 | 0.334 * | 0.332 * |
C16:1 palmitoleic acid | 0.148 | 0.083 | −0.072 |
C17:0 heptadecanoic acid | −0.038 | 0.129 | 0.228 |
C17:1 cis-10- heptadecanoid acid | −0.213 | −0.030 | 0.234 |
C18:0 stearic acid | −0.205 | 0.106 | 0.395 * |
C18:1n9 ct oleic acid | 0.138 | −0.095 | −0.292 * |
C18:1 vaccinic acid | 0.037 | −0.138 | −0.221 |
C18:2n6c linoleic acid | −0.086 | −0.099 | −0.036 |
C18:2n6t linoleic acid | 0.042 | 0.101 | 0.088 |
C18:3n6 gamma linoleic acid | 0.114 | −0.029 | −0.179 |
C18:3n3 linolenic acid | 0.019 | −0.141 | −0.203 |
C18:4 stearidonate | 0.050 | −0.091 | −0.177 |
C20:0 arachidic acid | −0.018 | −0.101 | −0.108 |
C22:1/C20:1 Cis11- eicosanic acid | −0.010 | −0.186 | −0.229 |
C20:2 Cis−11-eicodienoic acid | 0.048 | 0.116 | 0.093 |
C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid | 0.063 | 0.116 | 0.067 |
C20:4n6 arachidonic acid | −0.133 | −0.138 | −0.013 |
C20:3n3 Cis-11-eicosatrienoic acid | −0.207 | −0.124 | 0.100 |
C20:5n3 eicosapentaenoic acid | −0.076 | −0.136 | −0.075 |
C22:0 behenic acid | 0.062 | 0.036 | −0.033 |
C22:1n9 13 erucic acid | −0.066 | 0.009 | 0.095 |
C22:2 cis-docodienoic acid | −0.036 | 0.145 | 0.239 |
C23:0 tricosanoic acid | 0.083 | 0.015 | −0.091 |
C22:4n6 docosatetraenoate | −0.117 | 0.018 | 0.174 |
C22:5w3 docosapentaenate | −0.013 | −0.172 | −0.203 |
C24:0 lignoceric acid | 0.054 | 0.045 | −0.014 |
C22:6n3 docosahexaenoic acid | −0.295 * | −0.193 | 0.124 |
C24:1 nervonic acid | 0.075 | −0.054 | −0.170 |
Eicosanoids [µg/mL] | Beck 1 n = 49 rs-Value | Beck 2 n = 49 rs-Value | Delta Beck |
---|---|---|---|
Resolvin E1 | 0.021 | 0.076 | 0.075 |
Prostaglandin E2 | 0.090 | −0.032 | −0.151 |
Resolvin D1 | 0.007 | −0.101 | −0.138 |
Lipoxin A4 LxA4 5S, 6R | −0.141 | −0.071 | 0.086 |
Lipoxin A4 15-epi-LxA4 A4 5S, 6R, 15R | 0.446 | 0.176 | −0.336 |
Protectin D1 | 0.232 | −0.059 | −0.368 |
Maresin 1 | −0.036 | 0.141 | 0.231 |
Leucotriene B4 | 0.012 | 0.054 | 0.060 |
18RS HEPE | −0.110 | −0.005 | 0.134 |
16RS HETE | −0.151 | −0.205 | −0.078 |
13S HODE | 0.041 | 0.014 | −0.028 |
9S HODE | −0.045 | 0.039 | 0.112 |
15S HETE | 0.045 | 0.110 | 0.086 |
17RS HDHA | 0.109 | 0.116 | 0.017 |
12S HETE | −0.057 | −0.104 | −0.060 |
5-oxo-ETE | −0.064 | 0.193 | 0.341 |
5 HETE | 0.058 | 0.041 | −0.014 |
FFA [%] | Mean [%] ± SD in Patients with Low BDI-II Score; n = 55 | Mean [%] ± SD in Patients with Higher BDI-II Score; n = 19 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
C13:0 tridecanoic acid | 0.317 ± 0.087 | 0.284 ± 0.098 | 0.17 |
C14:0 myristic acid | 1.197 ± 0.364 | 1.259 ± 0.435 | 0.542 |
C14:1 myristolenic acid | 0.068 ± 0.034 | 0.076 ± 0.048 | 0.439 |
C15:0 pentadecanoid acid | 0.223 ± 0.116 | 0.204 ± 0.079 | 0.497 |
C15:1 cis-10-pentadecanoid acid | 0.085 ± 0.039 | 0.071 ± 0.023 | 0.131 |
C16:0 palmitic acid | 26.873 ± 1.773 | 26.621 ± 1.725 | 0.592 |
C16:1 palmitoleic acid | 2.106 ± 0.705 | 2.265 ± 0.856 | 0.426 |
C17:0 heptadecanoic acid | 0.307 ± 0.053 | 0.289 ± 0.04 | 0.206 |
C17:1 cis-10- heptadecanoid acid | 0.094 ± 0.037 | 0.083 ± 0.027 | 0.226 |
C18:0 stearic acid | 13.591 ± 1.89 | 12.735 ± 1.963 | 0.096 |
C18:1n9 ct oleic acid | 22.310 ± 3.519 | 23.219 ± 4.267 | 0.362 |
C18:1 vaccinic acid | 1.954 ± 0.34 | 2.047 ± 0.387 | 0.324 |
C18:2n6c linoleic acid | 11.498 ± 2.457 | 11.690 ± 2.05 | 0.76 |
C18:2n6t linoleic acid | 5.997 ± 1.905 | 6.393 ± 1.941 | 0.439 |
C18:3n6 gamma linoleic acid | 0.39 ± 0.1996 | 0.385 ± 0.174 | 0.93 |
C18:3n3 linolenic acid | 0.498 ± 0.139 | 0.493 ± 0.179 | 0.908 |
C18:4 stearidonate | 0.058 ± 0.028 | 0.056 ± 0.026 | 0.786 |
C20:0 arachidic acid | 0.204 ± 0.075 | 0.212 ± 0.071 | 0.722 |
C22:1/C20:1 Cis11- eicosanic acid | 0.175 ± 0.067 | 0.184 ± 0.072 | 0.613 |
C20:2 Cis-11-eicodienoic acid | 0.149 ± 0.03 | 0.152 ± 0.044 | 0.743 |
C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid | 1.276 ± 0.315 | 1.317 ± 0.298 | 0.616 |
C20:4n6 arachidonic acid | 6.376 ± 1.252 | 6.082 ± 1.524 | 0.408 |
C20:3n3 Cis-11-eicosatrienoic acid | 0.032 ± 0.016 | 0.027 ± 0.009 | 0.176 |
C20:5n3 eicosapentaenoic acid | 0.628 ± 0.271 | 0.541 ± 0.215 | 0.211 |
C22:0 behenic acid | 0.22 ± 0.095 | 0.242 ±0.108 | 0.391 |
C22:1n9 13 erucic acid | 0.037 ± 0.017 | 0.037 ± 0.011 | 0.98 |
C22:2 cis-docodienoic acid | 0.017 ± 0.01 | 0.018 ± 0.011 | 0.691 |
C23:0 tricosanoic acid | 0.241 ± 0.17 | 0.215 ± 0.082 | 0.525 |
C22:4n6 docosatetraenoate | 0.231 ± 0.123 | 0.201 ± 0.099 | 0.348 |
C22:5w3 docosapentaenate | 0.471 ± 0.263 | 0.429 ± 0.109 | 0.505 |
C24:0 lignoceric acid | 0.149 ± 0.077 | 0.164 ± 0.076 | 0.458 |
C22:6n3 docosahexaenoic acid | 1.823 ± 0.529 | 1.534 ± 0.499 | 0.042 |
C24:1 nervonic acid | 0.38 ± 0.224 | 0.455 ± 0.308 | 0.255 |
Eicosanoids [µg/mL] | Mean ± SD in Patients with Lower BDI-II Score n = 55 | Mean ± SD in Patients with higher BDI-II Score n = 19 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Resolvin E1 | 0.054 ± 0.088 | 0.070 ± 0.099 | 0.504 |
Prostaglandin E2 | 3.319 ± 3.14 | 3.185 ± 6.508 | 0.906 |
Resolvin D1 | 0.174 ± 0.267 | 0.171 ± 0.22 | 0.969 |
Lipoxin A4 LxA4 5S, 6R | 0.023 ± 0.171 | 0.00 | 0.56 |
Lipoxin A4 15-epi-LxA4 A4 5S, 6R, 15R | 0.018 ± 0.037 | 0.036 ± 0.053 | 0.109 |
Protectin D1 | 0.045 ± 0.053 | 0.053 ± 0.09 | 0.629 |
Maresin 1 | 0.031 ± 0.016 | 0.030 ± 0.016 | 0.717 |
Leukotriene B4 | 0.025 ± 0.014 | 0.029 ± 0.014 | 0.323 |
18RS HEPE | 0.111 ± 0.038 | 0.104 ± 0.035 | 0.490 |
16RS HETE | 0.014 ± 0.078 | 0.00 | 0.447 |
13S HODE | 0.032 ± 0.031 | 0.033 ± 0.025 | 0.856 |
9S HODE | 0.034 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.641 |
15S HETE | 0.292 ± 0.217 | 0.294 ± 0.17 | 0.971 |
17RS HDHA | 0.124 ± 0.092 | 0.118 ± 0.06 | 0.796 |
12S HETE | 1.787 ± 1.143 | 1.78 ± 1.121 | 0.98 |
5-oxo-ETE | 0.186 ± 0.103 | 0.187 ± 0.096 | 0.971 |
5 HETE | 0.025 ± 0.014 | 0.025 ± 0.011 | 0.996 |
FFA [%] | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 5 | 2 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 5 | 3 vs. 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C13:0 tridecanoic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C14:0 myristic acid | NS | 0.033 | NS | 0.041 | NS | NS |
C14:1 myristolenic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C15:0 pentadecanoid acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.021 |
C15:1 cis-10-pentadecanoid acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C16:0 palmitic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C16:1 palmitoleic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C17:0 heptadecanoic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C18:0 stearic acid NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C18:1n9 ct oleic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C18:1 vaccinic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C18:2n6c linoleic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C18:2n6t linoleic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C18:3n6 gamma linoleic acid | 0.017 | NS | 0.037 | 0.025 | NS | NS |
C18:3n3 linolenic acid | NS | NS | 0.006 | NS | NS | NS |
C18:4 stearidonate | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C20:0 arachidic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.036 |
C22:1/C20:1 Cis11- eicosanic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C20:2 cis-11-eicodienoic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid | <0.001 | NS | NS | 0.007 | 0.007 | NS |
C20:4n6 arachidonic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C20:3n3 Cis-11-eicosatrienoic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C20:5n3 eicosapentaenoic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.034 |
C22:0 behenic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.034 |
C22:1n9 13 erucic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C22:2 cis-docodienoic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.039 |
C23:0 tricosanoic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C22:4n6 docosatetraenoat | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C22:5w3 ddocosapentaenate | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C24:0 lignoceric acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.034 |
C22:6n3 docosahexaenoic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
C24:1 nervonic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Eicosanoids [µg/mL] | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 5 | 2 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 5 | 3 vs. 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resolvin E1 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Prostaglandin E2 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Resolvin D1 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Lipoxin A4 LxA4 5S, 6R | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Lipoxin A4 15-epi-LxA4 A4 5S, 6R, 15R | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.028 | 0.011 |
Protectin D1 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Maresin 1 | 0.019 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Leucotriene B4 | NS | 0.037 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
18RS HEPE | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
16RS HETE | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
13S HODE | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
9S HODE | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
15S HETE | 0.011 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
17RS HDHA | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
12S HETE | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
5-oxo-ETE | NS | NS | 0.045 | NS | NS | NS |
5 HETE NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
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Kotlega, D.; Zembron-Lacny, A.; Golab-Janowska, M.; Nowacki, P.; Szczuko, M. The Association of Free Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids with the Severity of Depressive Symptoms in Stroke Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155220
Kotlega D, Zembron-Lacny A, Golab-Janowska M, Nowacki P, Szczuko M. The Association of Free Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids with the Severity of Depressive Symptoms in Stroke Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(15):5220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155220
Chicago/Turabian StyleKotlega, Dariusz, Agnieszka Zembron-Lacny, Monika Golab-Janowska, Przemyslaw Nowacki, and Malgorzata Szczuko. 2020. "The Association of Free Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids with the Severity of Depressive Symptoms in Stroke Patients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15: 5220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155220