Lactobacillus Strains Alleviated Hyperlipidemia and Liver Steatosis in Aging Rats via Activation of AMPK
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Body Weight, Feed Intake, Feed Efficacy, Fasting Blood Glucose, Adipose Weight, and Percent Body Fat
2.2. Serum Biochemical Analysis
2.2.1. Serum Lipid Profile
2.2.2. Liver Function Test
2.2.3. Renal Function Test
2.3. Gene Expression of Lipid Metabolism Pathway
2.3.1. Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1)
2.3.2. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
2.3.3. ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily G Member 5 and 8 (ABCG5 and ABCG8)
2.3.4. Scavenger Receptor B1 (SR-B1)
2.3.5. Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDL-R)
2.3.6. ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 (ABCA1)
2.3.7. Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1)
2.3.8. 5′ Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)
2.4. Liver Immune Response: IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ
2.5. Liver Histology
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Bacterial Culture
4.2. Animal Experiments
4.3. Collection of Tissues
4.4. Serum Biochemical Analysis
4.5. Total RNA Isolation and cDNA Conversion
4.6. qRT-PCR
4.7. Multiplex ELISA
4.8. Liver Histology
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
ABCA1 | ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 |
ABCG5 & ABCG8 | ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5 and 8 |
AMPK | 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
ALP | Alkaline phosphatase |
ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
Apo A1 | Apolipoprotein A1 |
AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
HDL | High-density lipoprotein |
HFD | High-fat diet |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
LDL-C | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
NAFLD | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
ND | Normal diet |
SCD1 | Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 |
SR-B1 | Scavenger Receptor B1 |
TC | Total cholesterol |
TG | Total triglyceride |
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Content | Normal Diet (ND) | High-Fat Diet (HFD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
g/kg | % | g/kg | % | |
Crude protein | 192.11 | 19.2 | 144.08 | 14.4 |
Crude fat | 40.80 | 4.1 | 280.60 | 28.0 |
Crude fiber | 60.74 | 6.1 | 45.56 | 4.6 |
Crude ash | 58.55 | 5.9 | 43.91 | 4.4 |
Moisture | 113.43 | 11.3 | 85.07 | 8.5 |
Nitrogen-free extractives | 534.37 | 53.4 | 400.78 | 40.1 |
Total | 1000.00 | 100.0 | 1000.00 | 100.0 |
kcal/kg | % | kcal/kg | % | |
Fat | 367 | 11.0 | 2525 | 54.0 |
Protein | 768 | 24.0 | 576 | 12.3 |
Carbohydrates | 2091 | 65.0 | 1575 | 33.7 |
Total | 3226 | 100.0 | 4676 | 100.0 |
Target Genes | Primer Sequences (5′–3′) | NCBI Accession No. |
---|---|---|
GAPDH | F: CCA TCC CAG ACC CCA TAA C | NM_017008.4 |
R: GCA GCG AAC TTT ATT GAT GG | ||
SCD-1 | F: CAC TGG TGC CCT GGT ACT GCT | NM_139192.2 |
R: GGA TGT TCT CCC GAG ATT GAA | ||
IL-6 | F: TAG TCC TTC CTA CCC CAA CTT C | NM_012589.2 |
R: GCC GAG TAG ACC TCA TAG TGA C | ||
ABCG5 | F: TGT GAC CCT GGC ATC TAT | NM_053754.2 |
R: ATC ATT GGA CCA GTT CAG T | ||
ABCG8 | F: GAT GCT GGC TAT CAT AGG GAG C | NM_130414.2 |
R: TCT CTG CCT GTG ATA ACG TCG A | ||
SR-B1 | F: CCC AGA AGA CAC CAC GA | NM_031541.1 |
R: GTG TGG ACA GTG TGA CAT CT | ||
LDL-R | F: TGG TGA CCG AGG ACA TCC AG | NM_175762.2 |
R: GTG GAG TTT GGA ATC AAA CCC AAT AG | ||
ABCA1 | F: CAG CAA CTA CAG TGG CGG TAA CA | NM_178095.2 |
R: AAT GCT TAG GGC ACA ATT CCA CA | ||
APO A1 | F: GGC AGA GAC TAT GTG TCC CAG TTT | NM_012738.1 |
R: TTG AAC CCA GAG TGT CCC AGT T | ||
AMPKα1 | F: GGG ATC CAT CAG CAA CTA TCG | NM_019142.2 |
R: GGG AGG TCA CGG ATG AGG TA | ||
AMPKα2 | F: CAT TTG TGC AAG GCC CCT AGT | NM_023991.1 |
R: GAC TGT TGG TAT CTG CCT GTT TCC |
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Lew, L.-C.; Hor, Y.-Y.; Jaafar, M.-H.; Lau, A.-S.-Y.; Lee, B.-K.; Chuah, L.-O.; Yap, K.-P.; Azlan, A.; Azzam, G.; Choi, S.-B.; et al. Lactobacillus Strains Alleviated Hyperlipidemia and Liver Steatosis in Aging Rats via Activation of AMPK. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165872
Lew L-C, Hor Y-Y, Jaafar M-H, Lau A-S-Y, Lee B-K, Chuah L-O, Yap K-P, Azlan A, Azzam G, Choi S-B, et al. Lactobacillus Strains Alleviated Hyperlipidemia and Liver Steatosis in Aging Rats via Activation of AMPK. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(16):5872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165872
Chicago/Turabian StyleLew, Lee-Ching, Yan-Yan Hor, Mohamad-Hafis Jaafar, Amy-Sie-Yik Lau, Boon-Kiat Lee, Li-Oon Chuah, Kien-Pong Yap, Azali Azlan, Ghows Azzam, Sy-Bing Choi, and et al. 2020. "Lactobacillus Strains Alleviated Hyperlipidemia and Liver Steatosis in Aging Rats via Activation of AMPK" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16: 5872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165872