Losing Regulation of the Extracellular Matrix is Strongly Predictive of Unfavorable Prognostic Outcome after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Day-3 Mortality Rate and LVEF at Days 0, 14 and 28 after AMI Induction
2.2. The Ratio of Heart Weight to Tibial Length and the Anatomic Infarct Size by Day 60 after AMI Induction
2.3. The Protein Expressions of Apoptosis and Fibrosis, and the Lung Injury Score in LV Myocardium by 60 Days after AMI Induction
2.4. The Protein Expressions of Oxidative-Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in LV Myocardium by 60 Days after AMI Induction
2.5. The Protein Expressions of Heart Failure/Pressure Overload and Mitochondrial/DNA Damage Biomarkers, and Small Vessel Density in LV Myocardium by 60 Days after AMI Induction
2.6. The Fibrosis and Collagen Deposition area, Infarct Area and Cellular Level of DNA Damage Biomarkers in LV Myocardium by 60 Days after AMI Induction
2.7. Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Endothelial Cell Distribution in LV Myocardium by 60 Days after AMI Induction
2.8. Schematically Proposed Mechanism of tPA/MMP9 Deficiency on the Prognostic Outcome in MTDKO Mice after AMI Induction
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Ethics
4.2. Animal Grouping and Source of Double Knockout Mice (MMP-9−/−-tPA−/−)
4.3. Animal Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Induction
4.4. Functional Assessment by Echocardiography
4.5. Immunohistochemical (IHC) and Immunofluorescent (IF) Staining
4.6. Western Blot Analysis
4.7. Histological Study of Fibrosis and Collagen-Deposition Area
4.8. Vessel Density in Myocardial and Limb Ischemic Areas
4.9. Assessment of Oxidative Stress
4.10. Pathological Assessment of Lung Injury
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sung, P.-H.; Lin, K.-C.; Chai, H.-T.; Chiang, J.Y.; Shao, P.-L.; Luo, C.-W.; Yip, H.-K. Losing Regulation of the Extracellular Matrix is Strongly Predictive of Unfavorable Prognostic Outcome after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 6219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176219
Sung P-H, Lin K-C, Chai H-T, Chiang JY, Shao P-L, Luo C-W, Yip H-K. Losing Regulation of the Extracellular Matrix is Strongly Predictive of Unfavorable Prognostic Outcome after Acute Myocardial Infarction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(17):6219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176219
Chicago/Turabian StyleSung, Pei-Hsun, Kun-Chen Lin, Han-Tan Chai, John Y. Chiang, Pei-Lin Shao, Chi-Wen Luo, and Hon-Kan Yip. 2020. "Losing Regulation of the Extracellular Matrix is Strongly Predictive of Unfavorable Prognostic Outcome after Acute Myocardial Infarction" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17: 6219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176219