Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis: Key Players in the Tumor Microenvironment and Promising Therapeutic Targets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cancer Metastasis and EVs
3. Bone Microenvironment/Bone Remodeling and EVs
4. Bone Metastasis and EVs
4.1. Prostate Cancer
4.2. Breast Cancer
4.3. Lung Cancer
5. Therapeutic Perspectives of EVs
5.1. The Use of EVs as DDS Carriers
5.2. EV-Targeted Therapy
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tumor | Origin of EVs | Molecular Factors | Target | Function | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCa | PCa cells (PC3) | unspecified | osteoclasts | promotion of osteoclast differentiation | [50] |
PCa cells (PC3) | unspecified | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblasts proliferation | [50] | |
PCa cells (PC3) | CAVIN1 (not contained in EVs) | osteoclasts | inhibition of osteoclast differentiation by altering EV cargo | [50] | |
PCa cells (PC3) | CAVIN1 (not contained in EVs) | osteoblasts | inhibition of osteoblast proliferation by altering EV cargo | [50] | |
PCa cells (TRAMP-C1) | unspecified | osteoclasts | inhibition of osteoclast fusion and differentiation | [51] | |
PCa cells (PC3, DU145) | ETS1 | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblast differentiation | [52] | |
PCa cells (MDA-PCa-2b) | miR-141-3p | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblasts activity and increase OPG (osteoclast inhibitory factor) expression | [53] | |
PCa cells (C4, C4-2, C4-2B) | miR-940 | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblast differentiation targeting ARHGAP1 and FAM134A | [54] | |
PCa cells (PC3) | miRNA (i.e., miR-21) and miRNA (i.e., CSF-1) | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblast viability | [55] | |
osteoblasts | mineralization stage-specific protein | PCa cells (PC3) | promotion of PCa cell proliferation | [56] | |
BCa | BCa cells (MDA-MB-231) | L-plastin | osteoclasts | promotion of osteoclast activation | [57] |
BCa cells (MDA-MB-231) | miR-218 | osteoblasts | inhibition of osteoblast defferentiation | [54] | |
BCa cells (EO771) | unspecified | CD8 CD4 T-cells, NK cells | inhibitoin of immune cell activity against target tumor cells | [58] | |
BM-MSCs | miR-23b | BCa cells (MDA-MB-231) | suprression of BCa cell proliferation, as well as sensitivity to chemotherapy and acquisition of a dormant phenotype | [59] | |
MSCs | miR-222/223 | BCa cells (MDA-MB-231) | suprression of BCa cell proliferation as well as sensitivity to chemotherapy | [60] | |
LungCa | NSCLC cells (CRL-2868, A549) | AREG | osteoclasts | promotion of osteoclast differentiation | [61] |
NSCLC cells (A549) | miR-21 | osteoclasts | promotion of osteoclast differentiation | [62] | |
NSCLC cells (A549) | miR-192 | endthelial cells | promotion of osteoclast differentiation | [63] |
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Tamura, T.; Yoshioka, Y.; Sakamoto, S.; Ichikawa, T.; Ochiya, T. Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis: Key Players in the Tumor Microenvironment and Promising Therapeutic Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186680
Tamura T, Yoshioka Y, Sakamoto S, Ichikawa T, Ochiya T. Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis: Key Players in the Tumor Microenvironment and Promising Therapeutic Targets. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(18):6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186680
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamura, Takaaki, Yusuke Yoshioka, Shinichi Sakamoto, Tomohiko Ichikawa, and Takahiro Ochiya. 2020. "Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis: Key Players in the Tumor Microenvironment and Promising Therapeutic Targets" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18: 6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186680