Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity
2.1. Definition
2.2. Molecular Mechanism of Sarcopenic Obesity
2.2.1. Fat Accumulation
2.2.2. Inflammation
2.2.3. Sex-Specific Hormone and Growth Hormone Deficiency
3. Sarcopenic Obesity and Insulin Resistance
3.1. At Skeletal Muscle
3.1.1. IKK/NF-kB Pathway
3.1.2. MAPK Family
3.1.3. JAK/STAT
3.1.4. PKCs
3.2. Crosstalk Between Myocyte and Adipocytes
3.2.1. IL-6
3.2.2. Irisin
3.2.3. Adiponectin
4. Pathophysiological Link among Cardiometabolic Disease, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Insulin Resistance
4.1. Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
4.2. Chronic Heart Failure
4.3. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
4.4. Metabolic Syndrome
4.5. NAFLD
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Definition of Sarcopenia | Definition of Obesity |
---|---|---|
EWGSOP2 [2] Use the SARC-F questionnaire to find subjects with sarcopenia | Decreased muscle mass and Decreased muscle strength or performance | NA |
Muscle mass measurement ASM < 20 kg (M), 15 kg (W) ASM/height2 < 7.0 kg/m2 (M), < 6.0 kg/m2 (W) (DXA) Muscle strength measurement Hand grip strength < 27 kg (M), <16 kg (W) Chair stand > 15 s for five rises Performance measurement Gait speed ≤ 0.8 m/s SPPB ≤ 8 TUG ≥ 20 s 400 m walk test Non-completion or ≥6 min for completion | ||
New Mexico Aging Process Study [16] | ASM/height2 < 7.26 kg/m2 (M), <5.45 kg/m2 (W) (DXA) | Body fat > 27% (M), >38% (W) |
NHANES III [17] | ALM/height2 < 9.12 kg/m2 (M), <6.53 kg/m2 (W) | Body fat > 27% (M), >38% (W) |
FNIH [18] | ALM < 19.75 kg (M), <15.02kg (W) (DXA) | NA |
Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia [19] | Decreased muscle mass and Decreased muscle strength or performance | NA |
Muscle mass measurement ALM/height2 < 7.0 kg/m2 (M), <5.4 kg/m2 (W) (DXA) ALM/height2 < 7.0 kg/m2 (M), <5.7 kg/m2 (W) (BIA) Muscle strength measurements Hand grip strength < 26 kg (M), <18 kg (W) Performance measurement Gait speed ≤ 0.8 m/s | ||
Korea Sarcopenic Obesity Study [20] | SMI < 7.26 kg/m2 (M), < 5.45 kg/m2 (W) (DXA) | Body fat > 27% (M), >38% (W) |
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Hong, S.-h.; Choi, K.M. Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020494
Hong S-h, Choi KM. Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(2):494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020494
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, So-hyeon, and Kyung Mook Choi. 2020. "Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2: 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020494
APA StyleHong, S. -h., & Choi, K. M. (2020). Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(2), 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020494