Mapping Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) Resistance in Wild and Cultivated Tetraploid Wheats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Powdery Mildew Resistance in the Tetraploid Wheat Collection.
2.2. Association Analysis for Bgt Resistance
2.3. Candidate Genes
3. Discussion
3.1. Detection of QTL for Bgt Resistance
3.2. Comparison of Significant QTL with Previously Mapped QTL/Pm Resistance Genes
3.3. Candidate Genes for PM Resistance
3.4. Concluding Remarks
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Disease Evaluation
4.3. DNA Extraction and SNP Marker Analysis.
4.4. Phenotypic Data Analysis and QTL Detection
4.5. Candidate Genes
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
QTL | Quantitative Trait Loci |
APR | Adult Plant Resistance |
SR | Seedling resistance |
Bgt | Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici |
IT | Infection Type |
PM | Powdery Mildew |
GLM | General Linear Model |
MLM | Mixed Linear Model |
Q | Q matrix defined by Principal Components |
K | Kinship matrix |
Q–Q | Quantile-Quantile plot |
LD | Linkage Disequilibrium |
SNP | Single Nucleotide Polymorphism |
MAF | Minor Allele Frequency |
NBS-LRR | Nucleotide Binding Sites and Leucine-Rich Repeat proteins |
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Triticum turgidum Subspecies | N. of Accessions | Adult Plants (Infection Type Scale 0–9) | Seedlings (Infection Type Scale 0–4) | RR | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | R | S | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | R | S | |||
durum | 125 | 4.9 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 7.8 | 10 | 115 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 5 | 120 | 3 |
turanicum | 20 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 8.0 | 0 | 20 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
polonicum | 19 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 7.5 | 10 | 9 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 3 | 16 | 3 |
turgidum | 18 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 5.6 | 3 | 15 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
carthlicum | 12 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 6.3 | 4 | 8 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 4 | 8 | 3 |
dicoccum | 18 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 15 | 3 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 10 | 8 | 9 |
dicoccoides | 9 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 8 | 1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 8 | 1 | 8 |
Whole collection | 221 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 8.0 | 50 | 171 | 3.5 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 30 | 191 | 26 |
QTL | Marker | Chrom. | Genetic Position (cM) | Physical Position (bp) | SNP Allele | Allele Frequency | p Value | R2 (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | S | R | S | -log10(p) | ||||||
Adult plants | ||||||||||
QPm.mgb-1AS | IWB6155 | 1AS | 10.8 | 9,960,116 | A | C | 31 | 157 | 3.0 | 5.6 |
QPm.mgb-1AL | IWB1562 | 1AL | 105.5 | 535,547,520 | A | G | 35 | 184 | 3.4 | 5.9 |
QPm.mgb-1BL | IWB62270 | 1BL | 115.7 | 560,384,200 | A | G | 60 | 160 | 3.4 | 6.0 |
QPm.mgb-2AL.1 | IWA6963 | 2AL | 208.7 | 774,519,768 | A | G | 100 | 116 | 3.0 | 5.0 |
QPm.mgb-2BS | IWB26314 | 2BS | 3.1 | 4,844,683 | C | T | 15 | 202 | 3.4 | 5.9 |
QPm.mgb-3AL.1 | IWB60083 | 3AL | 83.4 | 549,634,714 | G | A | 38 | 183 | 4.0 | 7.2 |
QPm.mgb-3BL.1 | IWB63106 | 3BL | 133.0 | 731,241,583 | G | T | 68 | 119 | 4.2 | 9.2 |
QPm.mgb-3BL.2 | IWA7938 | 3BL | 181.7 | 797,223,552 | G | A | 49 | 164 | 3.8 | 6.9 |
QPm.mgb-4AL | IWB31143 | 4AL | 63.6 | 555,057,750 | A | G | 24 | 196 | 3.0 | 5.0 |
QPm.mgb-4BL | IWB9483 | 4BL | 124.4 | 674,637,578 | C | T | 202 | 13 | 3.2 | 5.6 |
QPm.mgb-5AL.1 | IWA7773 | 5AL | 84.2 | 431,817,017 | A | G | 210 | 10 | 3.1 | 5.2 |
QPm.mgb-5BS | IWA7400 | 5BS | 7.2 | 11,753,122 | C | T | 188 | 32 | 3.0 | 5.2 |
QPm.mgb-5BL | IWB1762 | 5BL | 112.5 | 545,353,694 | T | C | 36 | 170 | 3.6 | 6.5 |
QPm.mgb-6BL.1 | IWB34994 | 6BL | 104.0 | 569,080,772 | T | C | 26 | 182 | 3.0 | 5.5 |
QPm.mgb-6BL.2 | IWB15419 | 6BL | 130.8 | 666,669,725 | C | A | 13 | 201 | 3.6 | 6.4 |
QPm.mgb-7AS | IWB8620 | 7AS | 111.0 | 224,203,539 | T | C | 26 | 192 | 3.4 | 5.9 |
QPm.mgb-7BS.1 | IWB20808 | 7BS | 45.2 | 71,150,010 | T | C | 17 | 204 | 3.5 | 6.2 |
QPm.mgb-7BL | IWB73442 | 7BL | 82.1 | 411,065,432 | A | G | 111 | 108 | 3.7 | 6.5 |
Seedlings | ||||||||||
QPm.mgb-2AL.2 | IWB32264 | 2AL | 112.0 | 510,733,662 | A | G | 12 | 207 | 5.9 | 11.6 |
QPm.mgb-3AL.2 | IWB2350 | 3AL | 80.8 | 540,811,043 | G | A | 15 | 205 | 6.4 | 12.5 |
QPm.mgb-3BL.3 | IWB27448 | 3BS | 65.0 | 149,866,560 | A | G | 23 | 196 | 6.2 | 12.0 |
QPm.mgb-3BL.4 | IWB10450 | 3BL | 171.0 | 787,574,962 | C | T | 24 | 192 | 9.5 | 20.2 |
QPm.mgb-5AL.2 | IWB55657 | 5AL | 217.0 | 666,966,392 | G | A | 11 | 207 | 7.0 | 13.8 |
QPm.mgb-6BL.3 | IWB42940 | 6BL | 114.1 | 642,292,418 | T | C | 15 | 183 | 6.2 | 14.2 |
QPm.mgb-7AL | IWB35735 | 7AL | 191.4 | 705,221,250 | C | T | 50 | 168 | 6.4 | 12.6 |
QPm.mgb-7BS.2 | IWB35777 | 7BS | 50.2 | 91,214,298 | T | C | 30 | 184 | 6.8 | 14.4 |
QTL-Tagging SNP | Chr. | Gene-ID | Physical Position (bp) | Gene Annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adult plants | ||||
IWB6155 | 1AS | TRITD1Av1G004560 | 9,960,116–9,964,051 | Disease resistance protein RPM1 |
IWB1562 | 1AL | TRITD1Av1G205580 | 535,763,118–535,766,921 | Disease resistance protein (NBS-LRR class) family |
IWA6963 | 2AL | TRITD2Av1G295560 | 774,749,507–774,761,574 | NBS-LRR resistance-like protein |
IWB26314 | 2BS | TRITD2Bv1G002930 | 5,515,403–5,637,942 | LRR receptor-like protein kinase family protein |
IWB63106 | 3BL | TRITD3Bv1G240250 | 731,784,051–731,787,435 | Disease resistance family protein |
IWA7938 | 3BL | TRITD3Bv1G266330 | 796,494,720–796,500,214 | NBS-LRR-like resistance protein |
IWA7773 | 5AL | TRITD5Av1G155690 | 433,018,841–433,022,231 | Receptor protein kinase, putative |
IWA7400 | 5BS | TRITD5Bv1G004470 | 10,953,479–1,0956,756 | LRR receptor-like protein kinase |
IWB20808 | 7BS | TRITD7Bv1G026230 | 72,100,728–72,102,713 | Receptor-like kinase, putative |
Seedlings | ||||
IWB2350 | 3AL | TRITD3Av1G193390 | 540,583,802–540,591,916 | Receptor-like protein kinase |
IWB10450 | 3BL | TRITD3Bv1G261700 | 787,289,090–787,289,936 | F-box protein family-like |
IWB42940 | 6BL | TRITD6Bv1G207200 | 642,323,094–642,579,232 | FBD-associated F-box protein |
IWB35735 | 7AL | TRITD7Av1G271480 | 705,323,881–705,327,860 | Pm3-like disease resistance protein |
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Simeone, R.; Piarulli, L.; Nigro, D.; Signorile, M.A.; Blanco, E.; Mangini, G.; Blanco, A. Mapping Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) Resistance in Wild and Cultivated Tetraploid Wheats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217910
Simeone R, Piarulli L, Nigro D, Signorile MA, Blanco E, Mangini G, Blanco A. Mapping Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) Resistance in Wild and Cultivated Tetraploid Wheats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217910
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimeone, Rosanna, Luciana Piarulli, Domenica Nigro, Massimo Antonio Signorile, Emanuela Blanco, Giacomo Mangini, and Antonio Blanco. 2020. "Mapping Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) Resistance in Wild and Cultivated Tetraploid Wheats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217910