Biomarkers in Rare Demyelinating Disease of the Central Nervous System
Abstract
:1. Rare Disorders’ Classifications
2. Rare Neurological Diseases
3. In Search for an “Ideal” Biomarker
4. Orphanet Classification of Rare Neurological Diseases
5. Multiple Sclerosis Variants
5.1. Baló Concentric Sclerosis
5.2. Marburg Variant
5.3. Schilder’s Disease
5.4. Paediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis
5.5. Biomarkers for Rare MS Variants
6. ADEM
7. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) vs. Anti-MOG (+) Disease (MOGAD)
7.1. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
7.2. MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD)
7.3. Biomarkers in NMOSD and ADEM/MOGAD
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CNS | Central Nervous System |
MS | Multiple Sclerosis |
ADEM | Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis |
NMOSDs | Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders |
MOG | Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein |
BCS | Baló Concentric Sclerosis |
NMO | Neuromyelitis Optica |
MOGAD | Anti-MOG antibody-mediated disease |
DMTs | Disease Modifying Treatments |
MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging |
RRMS | Relapsing-remitting MS |
OCBs | Oligoclonal bands |
CSF | Cerebrospinal fluid |
MDS | Myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis |
POMS | Pediatric-onset MS |
DIT | Dissemination In Time |
IgG | Immunoglobulin G |
IVIG | IV immunoglobulin |
anti-AQP4 | Anti-aquaporin-4 |
AQP-4 | Aquaporin-4 |
CDCC | Complement-dependent cytotoxicity |
LETM | Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis |
GFAP | Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein |
MOGAD | MOG-Antibody Disease |
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Boziki, M.; Sintila, S.-A.; Ioannidis, P.; Grigoriadis, N. Biomarkers in Rare Demyelinating Disease of the Central Nervous System. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218409
Boziki M, Sintila S-A, Ioannidis P, Grigoriadis N. Biomarkers in Rare Demyelinating Disease of the Central Nervous System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218409
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoziki, Marina, Styliani-Aggeliki Sintila, Panagiotis Ioannidis, and Nikolaos Grigoriadis. 2020. "Biomarkers in Rare Demyelinating Disease of the Central Nervous System" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218409