Seminal Plasma Proteomic Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- OS damages the sperm cytoplasmic membrane, which is rich in phospholipids with (poly)unsaturated fatty acyl residues highly susceptible to radical damage. This leads to an alteration of sperm motility [12] and its ability to fertilize the oocytes.
- The excess of radicals causes sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), resulting in impairment of the paternal genetic contribution to the embryo development [13].
2. Methods
2.1. Sources
2.2. Study Selection
3. Results
4. Seminal Plasma Proteome in Patients with Increased Oxidative Stress
5. Seminal Plasma Proteome in Patients with Diseases Typically Associated with Increased OS
5.1. Varicocele, Oxidative Stress, and Seminal Plasma Proteome
5.2. Male Accessory Gland Infections, Oxidative Stress, and Seminal Plasma Proteome
5.3. Cigarette Smoking, Oxidative Stress, and Seminal Plasma Proteome
5.4. Obesity, Oxidative Stress, and Seminal Plasma Proteome
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SP protein | Reference | Function |
---|---|---|
Aldose reductase | [37] | It converts glucose to sorbitol during the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism |
α1-chymotrypsin | [37] | It has proteolytic activity against the chymotrypsin-specific substrate N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide. It is released by granulocytes. |
DJ-1 | [41] | DJ-1 activation is catalyzed by ROS. When active, DJ-1 inhibits removal of NFκB signal |
Haptoglobin | [34] | It is a late positive acute phase protein of inflammation |
Mucin 5B | [22] | It increases the SP viscosity and correlates with inflammation, hypoxia, and OS |
Peroxiredoxin 4 | [34] | Belongs to a family of peroxide-degrading enzymes, involved in cellular OS control |
Prolactin-induced protein | [26] | Extracellular matrix protein that can mediate tissue responses to inflammation |
Protein S100A9 | [34] | It plays an important role in cell differentiation and OS response |
Tubulin folding cofactor β | [37] | It acts in the development of α/β-tubulin heterodimers, which are critical for the normal growth of mammalian cells. It acts in the development of hypoxic-ischemic injury |
Reference | Disease | Proteins | Expression Pattern | Function |
---|---|---|---|---|
[39] | Bilateral Varicocele | Aldose reductase | Overexpressed | Responsible for the induction of the sperm capacitation process |
Annexin 1 | Overexpressed | Protein with anti-inflammatory properties | ||
PRDX1 | Overexpressed | Involved in response to ROS and OS | ||
PRDX2 | Overexpressed | Involved in response to ROS and OS | ||
FN1 | Under-expressed | Involved in seminal gel formation and stimulates sperm capacitation | ||
alpha-1 antitrypsin | Under-expressed | Acute-phase protein responsible for the inhibition of proteases involved in stimulating the inflammatory response | ||
[40] | Varicocele | APO A2 | Under-expressed | Involved in pathways such as OS response, lipid peroxidation, and SDF |
[44] | Varicocele | SEMG1 | Overexpressed | Involved in semen coagulation. Its increasing in varicocele may reflect a strategy to counteract ROS and lipid peroxidation |
[31] | Varicocele pre-treatment | Clusterin | Overexpressed | Related to preservation of the damage caused by oxidative reactions |
Varicocele post-treatment | DJ-1 | Overexpressed | Linked to ROS response | |
SOD | Overexpressed | Linked to ROS response | ||
S100A9 | Overexpressed | It plays an important role in cell differentiation and OS response | ||
GAPDH | Exclusive expression in post-treated patients | Linked to ROS response, NAD-binding function, and gluconeogenesis | ||
MDH | Exclusive expression in post-treated patients | Linked to ROS response, NAD-binding function, and gluconeogenesis | ||
[38] | MAGI | Cystatin proteases | Overexpressed | Protease inhibitors involved in inflammatory response |
alpha-1 antitrypsin | Overexpressed | Protease inhibitors involved in inflammatory response | ||
SOD 3 | Under-expressed | Linked to ROS response | ||
[29] | Cigarette smoke | S100A9 | Overexpressed | It binds pro-inflammatory receptors to initiate the inflammatory cascade |
[35] | Cigarette smoke | SODE | Exclusive expression in moderate smokers | Antioxidant role removing superoxide radicals |
[36] | Obesity | ADP ribosyl cyclase | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide |
Ceruloplasmin, | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide | ||
Glutathione peroxidase | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide | ||
Clusterin | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide | ||
Mitochondrial glutathione reductase | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide | ||
HP | Overexpressed | It is a late positive acute-phase protein of inflammation | ||
S100A9 | Overexpressed | It plays an important role in cell differentiation and OS response |
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Cannarella, R.; Crafa, A.; Barbagallo, F.; Mongioì, L.M.; Condorelli, R.A.; Aversa, A.; Calogero, A.E.; La Vignera, S. Seminal Plasma Proteomic Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 9113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239113
Cannarella R, Crafa A, Barbagallo F, Mongioì LM, Condorelli RA, Aversa A, Calogero AE, La Vignera S. Seminal Plasma Proteomic Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(23):9113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239113
Chicago/Turabian StyleCannarella, Rossella, Andrea Crafa, Federica Barbagallo, Laura M. Mongioì, Rosita A. Condorelli, Antonio Aversa, Aldo E. Calogero, and Sandro La Vignera. 2020. "Seminal Plasma Proteomic Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23: 9113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239113