Molecular Mechanisms in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease: Glomerular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Diabetic Milieu Affects Structure and Function of the Interconnected Glomerular Filtration Barrier
3. Crosstalk between GECs and Podocytes Is Essential for Filtration Barrier Function and Is Disturbed in DKD
4. Oxidative Stress in DKD
4.1. Active Enzymatic ROS Generation in DKD
4.1.1. NADPH Oxidase (NOX)
4.1.2. Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR)
4.1.3. Mitochondrial ROS
4.2. ROS Interplay
4.3. Current Clinical Approaches for DKD and Their Effects on ROS
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABCA1 | ATP-binding cassette A1 |
AGE | Advanced glycation end product |
AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
Ang II | Angiotensin II |
Angpt1 | Angiopoietin 1 |
APC | Activated protein C |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
CYP | Cytochrome P450 |
DKD | Diabetic kidney disease |
Ednra | Endothelin receptor A |
Edn1 | Endothelin 1 |
eNOS | Endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
EPCR | Endothelial protein C receptor |
ESL | Endothelial surface layer |
ESRD | End-stage renal disease |
FP | Foot process |
FSGS | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |
GBM | Glomerular basement membrane |
GEC | Glomerular endothelial cell |
GFR | Glomerular filtration rate |
KLF2 | Krüppel-like factor 2 |
NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
NO | Nitric oxide |
NOX | NADPH oxidase |
PAR-1 | Protease-activated receptor 1 |
PEC | Parietal epithelial cell |
PKC | Protein kinase C |
RAAS | Renin angiotensin aldosterone system |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SD | Slit diaphragm |
SGLT2 | Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 |
STZ | Streptozotocin |
T1DM | Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
T2DM | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
TGFβ | Transforming growth factor β |
UA | Uric acid |
VEGFA | Vascular endothelial growth factor A |
VEGFR | Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor |
XDH | Xanthine dehydrogenase |
XO | Xanthine oxidase |
XOR | Xanthine oxidoreductase |
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Lassén, E.; Daehn, I.S. Molecular Mechanisms in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease: Glomerular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 9456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249456
Lassén E, Daehn IS. Molecular Mechanisms in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease: Glomerular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(24):9456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249456
Chicago/Turabian StyleLassén, Emelie, and Ilse S. Daehn. 2020. "Molecular Mechanisms in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease: Glomerular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24: 9456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249456
APA StyleLassén, E., & Daehn, I. S. (2020). Molecular Mechanisms in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease: Glomerular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(24), 9456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249456