Next Article in Journal
Analysis of Intracellular Magnesium and Mineral Depositions during Osteogenic Commitment of 3D Cultured Saos2 Cells
Next Article in Special Issue
Molecular T-Cell Repertoire Analysis as Source of Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers for Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy
Previous Article in Journal
A Molecular Basis for Reciprocal Regulation between Pheromones and Hormones in Response to Dietary Cues in C. elegans
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 21
Issue 7
10.3390/ijms21072367
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Modern Aspects of Immunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma

by
Vera Petrova
1,2,
Ihor Arkhypov
1,2,
Rebekka Weber
1,2,
Christopher Groth
1,2,
Peter Altevogt
1,2,
Jochen Utikal
1,2 and
Viktor Umansky
1,2,*
1
Clinical Cooperation Unit Dermato-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
2
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(7), 2367; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072367
Submission received: 10 March 2020 / Revised: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 27 March 2020 / Published: 30 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Inhibitors: Future Directions 2.0)
Browse Figure
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Although melanoma is one of the most immunogenic tumors, it has an ability to evade anti-tumor immune responses by exploiting tolerance mechanisms, including negative immune checkpoint molecules. The most extensively studied checkpoints represent cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), which were broadly applied for melanoma treatment in the past decade, can unleash anti-tumor immune responses and result in melanoma regression. Patients responding to the ICI treatment showed long-lasting remission or disease control status. However, a large group of patients failed to respond to this therapy, indicating the development of resistance mechanisms. Among them are intrinsic tumor properties, the dysfunction of effector cells, and the generation of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This review discusses achievements of ICI treatment in melanoma, reasons for its failure, and promising approaches for overcoming the resistance. These methods include combinations of different ICI with each other, strategies for neutralizing the immunosuppressive TME and combining ICI with other anti-cancer therapies such as radiation, oncolytic viral, or targeted therapy. New therapeutic approaches targeting other immune checkpoint molecules are also discussed.
Keywords: melanoma; immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immunosuppression; tumor microenvironment melanoma; immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immunosuppression; tumor microenvironment

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Petrova, V.; Arkhypov, I.; Weber, R.; Groth, C.; Altevogt, P.; Utikal, J.; Umansky, V. Modern Aspects of Immunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072367

AMA Style

Petrova V, Arkhypov I, Weber R, Groth C, Altevogt P, Utikal J, Umansky V. Modern Aspects of Immunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(7):2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072367

Chicago/Turabian Style

Petrova, Vera, Ihor Arkhypov, Rebekka Weber, Christopher Groth, Peter Altevogt, Jochen Utikal, and Viktor Umansky. 2020. "Modern Aspects of Immunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7: 2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072367

APA Style

Petrova, V., Arkhypov, I., Weber, R., Groth, C., Altevogt, P., Utikal, J., & Umansky, V. (2020). Modern Aspects of Immunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7), 2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072367

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop