Effects of PDE3 Inhibitor Olprinone on the Respiratory Parameters, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in an Experimental Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cell Counts in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF)
2.2. Markers of Inflammation
2.3. Markers of Oxidative Damage
2.4. Apoptosis in the Lung Tissue
2.5. Respiratory Parameters
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Ethics Statement
4.2. Animals
4.3. The General Design of Experiments
4.4. Analysis of Cells in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF)
4.5. Detection of Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Damage
4.6. Lung Epithelial Cells Apoptosis Assays
4.6.1. In Situ Labeling of DNA Strand Breaks by TUNEL Method
4.6.2. Immunohistochemistry for Activated Caspase 3
4.7. Measurement of Respiratory Parameters
4.8. Statistical Analyses of Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Count (×103/mL) | ||||
Control | ARDS | ARDS/PDE3 | ||
BV | 157.5 ± 49.5 | 194.4 ± 45.7 | 196.6 ± 54.8 | |
4h Th | 250.0 ± 48.2 | 1358.8 ± 380 ** | 503.3 ± 174.0 # | |
Differential Count (×103/mL) | ||||
Ma | BV | 155.8 ± 49.0 | 190.8 ± 38.2 | 189.5 ± 54.3 |
4h Th | 240.1 ± 50.5 | 229.8 ± 56.4 | 184.6 ± 56.6 | |
Neu | BV | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 2.8 |
4h Th | 7.6 ± 2.2 | 1098.8 ± 316.6 *** | 312.6 ± 127.3 ### | |
Eos | BV | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.6 |
4h Th | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 30.1 ± 6.5 | 6.1 ± 1.9 |
Before ARDS | After ARDS | 0.5 h Th | 1 h Th | 2 h Th | 3 h Th | 4 h Th | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAP (kPa) | |||||||
Control | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 |
ARDS | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 *** | 1.0 ± 0.0 *** | 1.0 ± 0.0 *** | 1.0 ± 0.1 *** | 1.0 ± 0.1 *** | 1.1 ± 0.1 *** |
ARDS/PDE3 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.0 ## | 0.9 ± 0.0 # |
SaO2 | |||||||
Control | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 99.9 ± 0.0 |
ARDS | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 90.0 ± 2.1 ** | 89.9 ± 2.4 * | 87.4 ± 2.6 *** | 86.9 ± 2.3 *** | 86.8 ± 2.5 *** | 82.2 ± 3.9 *** |
ARDS/PDE3 | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 93.4 ± 2.7 | 95.8 ± 1.3 | 95.4 ± 1.6 | 97.4 ± 1.1 # | 97.3 ± 1.8 # | 98.5 ± 1.0 ### |
AAG | |||||||
Control | 612.0 ± 11.7 | 593.9 ± 33.6 | 606.6 ± 14.7 | 561.9 ± 41.1 | 563.3 ± 38.0 | 601.9 ± 13.5 | 663.2 ± 14.6 |
ARDS | 546.8 ± 25.3 | 121.9 ± 15.1 *** | 144.8 ± 33.1 *** | 130.0 ± 38.9 *** | 144.0 ± 52.6 *** | 148 ± 51.8 *** | 139.6 ± 38.1 *** |
ARDS/PDE3 | 606.2 ± 10.3 | 169.9 ± 37.5 | 239.5 ± 74.1 | 281.5 ± 107.3 | 363.8 ± 103.4# | 540 ± 48 ### | 593.0 ± 35 ### |
Cdyn (mL/kPa) | |||||||
Control | 14.5 ± 0.54 | 14.7 ± 0.4 | 14.7 ± 0.5 | 15.2 ± 0.4 | 15.0 ± 0.4 | 14.8 ± 0.3 | 14.9 ± 0.5 |
ARDS | 13.0 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 0.4 *** | 7.9 ± 0.4 *** | 7.5 ± 0.5 *** | 7.3 ± 0.4 *** | 6.2 ± 0.9 *** | 6.8 ± 0.4 *** |
ARDS/PDE3 | 14.1 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 0.4 | 9.9 ± 1.0 # | 9.9 ± 0.5 ## | 10.0 ± 0.4 ## | 9.3 ± 0.8 ### | 10.2 ± 0.3 ### |
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Kosutova, P.; Mikolka, P.; Balentova, S.; Adamkov, M.; Calkovska, A.; Mokra, D. Effects of PDE3 Inhibitor Olprinone on the Respiratory Parameters, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in an Experimental Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093382
Kosutova P, Mikolka P, Balentova S, Adamkov M, Calkovska A, Mokra D. Effects of PDE3 Inhibitor Olprinone on the Respiratory Parameters, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in an Experimental Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(9):3382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093382
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosutova, Petra, Pavol Mikolka, Sona Balentova, Marian Adamkov, Andrea Calkovska, and Daniela Mokra. 2020. "Effects of PDE3 Inhibitor Olprinone on the Respiratory Parameters, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in an Experimental Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9: 3382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093382