Transient Global Ischemia-Induced Brain Inflammatory Cascades Attenuated by Targeted Temperature Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. TTM at 33 °C and 36 °C Reduces Neuronal Cell Death and Improves Behavioral Function Following Transient Global Ischemia
2.2. TTM at 33 °C and 36 °C Protect against Apoptosis-Mediated Cell Death Following Transient Global Ischemia
2.3. TTM at 33 °C and 36 °C Inhibits Extracellular Release of HMGB1 after TGI
2.4. TTM at 33 °C and 36 °C Attenuates Activation and Polarization of Microglia and Macrophages
2.5. TTM at 33 °C and 36 °C Modulated Cytokine Production in the TGI
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Ethical Approval and Experimental Animals
4.2. Experimental Animal Model for Transient Global Ischemia
4.3. Targeted Temperature Management
4.4. Adhesive Removal Test
4.5. Detection of Degenerating Neurons
4.6. TUNEL Assay
4.7. Immunofluorescence
4.8. Cytokine Array
4.9. Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
- TNF-α Forward: TAG CAA ACC ACC AAG CAG AG
- TNF-α Reverse: AGA GAA CCT GGG AGT AGA TAA GG
- IL-1β Forward: CTA TGG CAA CTG TCC CTG AA
- IL-1β Reverse: GGC TTG GAA GCA ATC CTT AAT C
- IL-6 Forward: GAA GTT AGA GTC ACA GAA GGA GTG
- IL-6 Reverse: GTT TGC CGA GTA GAC CTC ATA G
- GAPDH Forward: ACT CCC ATT CTT CCA CCT TTG
- GAPDH Reverse: CCC TGT TGC TGT AGC CAT ATT
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hong, D.K.; Park, Y.S.; Woo, J.S.; Kim, J.H.; Beom, J.H.; Chung, S.P.; You, J.S.; Suh, S.W. Transient Global Ischemia-Induced Brain Inflammatory Cascades Attenuated by Targeted Temperature Management. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105114
Hong DK, Park YS, Woo JS, Kim JH, Beom JH, Chung SP, You JS, Suh SW. Transient Global Ischemia-Induced Brain Inflammatory Cascades Attenuated by Targeted Temperature Management. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(10):5114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105114
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Dae Ki, Yoo Seok Park, Ji Sun Woo, Ju Hee Kim, Jin Ho Beom, Sung Phil Chung, Je Sung You, and Sang Won Suh. 2021. "Transient Global Ischemia-Induced Brain Inflammatory Cascades Attenuated by Targeted Temperature Management" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10: 5114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105114