C60 Fullerene Reduces 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress Disorders and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats by Modulation of p53, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 Targeted Proteins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Body Weight Changes
2.2. Neurological Scoring
2.3. Oxidative Status of the Brain Mitochondria after Acute 3-NPA Exposure and C60 Supplementation
2.4. Oxidative Status of the Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after Acute 3-NPA Exposure and C60 Supplementation
2.5. Activity of Electron Transport Chain Enzymes in Brain and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after Acute 3-NPA Exposure and C60 Supplementation
2.6. Effect of 3-NPA Exposure and C60 Supplementation on Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Markers
2.7. Effect of 3-NPA Exposure and C60 Supplementation on Protein Expression of Nrf2 and Nrf2 Target Proteins
2.8. Effect of C60 Supplementation Alone on Oxidative Stress Markers and Indices of Antioxidant Defense
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Material Preparation and Characterization
4.2. Experimental Design and Sample Collection
4.3. Neurological Scoring (Movement Analysis)
4.4. Sample Collection and Mitochondria Isolation
4.4.1. Isolation of Rat Brain Mitochondria
4.4.2. Isolation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria
4.5. Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Markers
4.5.1. Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation
4.5.2. Measurement of Superoxide Radical Production
4.5.3. Measurement of Hydroperoxide
4.5.4. Lipid Peroxidation Assay
4.6. Evaluation of Biochemical Parameters
4.6.1. Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Enzymes
4.6.2. Enzyme Activity Assay
4.6.3. Measurement of the Reduced and Oxidized Glutathione Contents
4.7. Western Blot Analysis
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Number of Animals with Normal Behavior/Total Number of Animals Used (0) | Number of Animals with General Slowness/Total Number of Animals Used (1) | Number of Animals with Incoordination and Marked Gait Abnormalities/Total Number of Animals Used (2) | Number of Animals with Hind Limb Paralysis/Total Number of Animals Used (3) | Number of Animals with Incapacity to Move/Total Number of Animals Used (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 10/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 |
3-NPA | 0/10 | 0/10 | 4/10 | 3/10 | 3/10 |
Pre-T | 8/10 | 2/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 |
Post-T | 6/10 | 3/10 | 1/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 |
Groups | Days | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−2 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
3-NPA (alone) | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
C60 fullerene pre-treatment | Δ | Δ | ● Δ | ● Δ | ● Δ | |||||
C60 fullerene post-treatment | ● | ● | ● | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ | ||
C60 fullerene (alone) | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ | Δ |
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Gonchar, O.O.; Maznychenko, A.V.; Klyuchko, O.M.; Mankovska, I.M.; Butowska, K.; Borowik, A.; Piosik, J.; Sokolowska, I. C60 Fullerene Reduces 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress Disorders and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats by Modulation of p53, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 Targeted Proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115444
Gonchar OO, Maznychenko AV, Klyuchko OM, Mankovska IM, Butowska K, Borowik A, Piosik J, Sokolowska I. C60 Fullerene Reduces 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress Disorders and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats by Modulation of p53, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 Targeted Proteins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):5444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115444
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonchar, Olga O., Andriy V. Maznychenko, Olena M. Klyuchko, Iryna M. Mankovska, Kamila Butowska, Agnieszka Borowik, Jacek Piosik, and Inna Sokolowska. 2021. "C60 Fullerene Reduces 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress Disorders and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats by Modulation of p53, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 Targeted Proteins" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 5444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115444