TNFα-Induced LDL Cholesterol Accumulation Involve Elevated LDLR Cell Surface Levels and SR-B1 Downregulation in Human Arterial Endothelial Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. TNFα Enhances Cholesterol Accumulation and LDL Binding to pHAECs
2.2. ACAT Inhibitor Does Not Prevent TNFα-Induced LDL Cholesterol Accumulation
2.3. LDL Oxidation Is Not Required for TNFα-Induced LDL Accumulation
2.4. TNFα Induces Massive Dil over [3H]CE Lipid Accumulation from LDL
2.5. Lysosomal Inhibitor Enhances TNFα-Induced LDL Lipid Accumulation
2.6. ApoE Is Not Required for TNFα-Induced Dil-LDL Accumulation
2.7. TNFα-Induced Dil-LDL Accumulation Is Blocked by Specific LDLR Antibody
2.8. TNFα Upregulates Cell Surface LDLR Protein
2.9. TNFα Promotes Rapid Association of LDLR with Its Antibody
2.10. Antioxidant Suppresses TNFα-Induced Dil-LDL Accumulation
2.11. TNFα Does Not Affect AP to BL Release of Degraded LDL Protein
2.12. TNFα Does Not Affect AP to BL LDL Lipid Release
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Cell Culture and Incubations
4.3. Lipoprotein Purification
4.4. Cellular Cholesterol Determination
4.5. Transwell Insert Experiments
4.6. 3H-Cholesteryl Ester ([3H]CE) Generation
4.7. Western Blotting
4.8. Dil- and/or [3H]CE-Lipoproteins
4.9. LDL Iodination with Na125I
4.10. 125I-LDL Cell Surface Binding
4.11. LDL Oxidation
4.12. TBARS Assay
4.13. Depletion of apoE from Dil-Lipoproteins
4.14. Cell Surface Biotinylation
4.15. Dextran-Mn Separation of Intact and Non-Intact 125I-LDL
4.16. Immunofluorescence
4.17. Fluorescence Microscopy
4.18. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACAT | Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase |
AP | Apical |
Apo (X) | Apolipoprotein (X) |
BHT | Butylated hydroxytoluene |
BL | Basolateral |
CAB | Cholesterol assay buffer |
DB | Dialysis buffer |
Dil | 1,1′ Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
FAF-BSA | Fatty acid free bovine serum albumin |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
HDL3 | High density lipoprotein 3 |
HRP | Horse radish peroxidase |
LDL | Low density lipoprotein |
LDLR | LDL receptor |
LRP | LDLR-related protein |
mHBSS | Modified d Hanks’ balanced salt solution |
PES | Phosphate buffered saline |
PCSK9 | Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 |
pHAECS | Primary human aortic endothelial cells; |
RAP | Receptor associated protein |
SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
TMTU | Tetra methylthiourea |
TNFa | Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
VBM | Vascular basal medium |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor kit |
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Okoro, E.U. TNFα-Induced LDL Cholesterol Accumulation Involve Elevated LDLR Cell Surface Levels and SR-B1 Downregulation in Human Arterial Endothelial Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126236
Okoro EU. TNFα-Induced LDL Cholesterol Accumulation Involve Elevated LDLR Cell Surface Levels and SR-B1 Downregulation in Human Arterial Endothelial Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(12):6236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126236
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkoro, Emmanuel Ugochukwu. 2021. "TNFα-Induced LDL Cholesterol Accumulation Involve Elevated LDLR Cell Surface Levels and SR-B1 Downregulation in Human Arterial Endothelial Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12: 6236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126236