Nanoparticles Functionalised with Re(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes for Cancer Theranostics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Magnetic Nanoparticles
2.1. Iron Oxide NPs for Biomedical Applications
2.2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
2.3. Clinical Applications of SPIONs
3. Multimodal Cancer Theranostics
4. Phosphorescence Transition Metal Complexes for Tumor Diagnosis
4.1. Luminescent Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes
4.2. Chemo-Theranostic
4.3. Cellular Imaging
5. Biological Studies
6. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NP(s) | Nanoparticle(s) |
Fe3O4 | Ferric Oxide or Magnetite |
Fe2O3 | Ferrous oxide or Hematite |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
DMSO | Dimethylsulfoxide |
MCF-7 | Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 |
Ag | Silver |
Ru | Ruthenium |
Ir | Iridium |
99mTc | Technetium-99m |
MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
FM | Fluorescence Microscopy |
Mm | Mega-meter |
W | Watt |
186Re | Rhenium(I) 186 |
188Re | Rhenium(I) 188 |
α | Alpha particle |
β | Beta particle |
γ | Gamma-ray |
t1/2 | Half-life |
Emax | Maximum Energy |
MeV | Mega Electron Volt |
KeV | Kilo Electron Volt |
1O2 | Singlet Oxygen |
CO | Carbon monoxide |
HeLa | Henrietta Lacks |
N | Nitrogen |
LED | Light Emission Diode |
O | Oxygen |
M | Metals |
XRD | X-ray Diffraction |
SLN | Sentinel Lymph Node |
TEM | Transmission Electron Microscopy |
L | Ligand |
OI | Optical Imaging |
T1 | Longitudinal Relation Time |
T2 | Transverse Relation Time |
SPION | Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles |
OI | Optical Imaging |
Br− | Bromide |
Cl− | Chloride |
H2O | Dihydrogen Monoxide |
ILCT | Intraligand-Charge-Transfer |
MLCT | Metal-to-Ligand-Charge-Transfer |
LLCT | Ligand-to-Ligand-Charge-Transfer |
H | Hour(s) |
PTMCs | Phosphorescent Transition Metal Complexes |
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Radionuclide | Half-Life (t1/2) | Emission | Emax |
---|---|---|---|
188Re | 89.2 h | 1.07 MeV | |
186Re | 17.0 h | 2.12 MeV | |
99mTc | 6.0 h | 140 KeV |
Complexes | Solvent | Emission | Absorption | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
τ (μs) | Φ (%) | λmax (nm) | λmax (nm)/ ε (L.mol−1. cm−1) | ||
1 | Acetonitrile | 0.46 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 580 | 310 (13,400); 350 (10,600) |
2 | Acetonitrile | 0.45 | 0.12 0.01 | 609 | 310 (9700); 350 (7300) |
3 | Acetonitrile | 0.58 | 0.18 0.01 | 593 | 310 (13,100), 350 (8200) |
4 | Air-equilibrated aqueous | 0.31 | 1.66 0.06 | 560 | 225 (31,300 ± 1300) 257 (18,200 ± 800) |
5 | Air-equilibrated aqueous | 0.52 | 2.14 0.16 | 560 | 24 (30,700 ± 1900) |
6 | Air-equilibrated aqueous | 0.47 | 2.38 ± 0.31 | 560 | 22 (32,300 ± 1000) |
7 | Air-equilibrated aqueous | 0.62 | 3.09 ± 0.30 | 545 | 23 (35,300 ± 600) |
8 L1 | Chloroform | 0.170 | - | 577 | 276, 362, 410 |
8 L2 | Chloroform | 0.153 | - | 585 | 277, 339, 423 |
8 L3 | Chloroform | 0.143 | - | 581 | 277, 338, 423 |
8 L4 | Chloroform | 0.141 | - | 586 | 277, 337, 423 |
8 L5 | Chloroform | 0.158 | - | 582 | 282, 349, 423 |
8 L6 | Chloroform | 0.162 | - | 580 | 279, 352, 419 |
8 L7 | Chloroform | 0.185 | - | 586 | 288, 342, 423 |
9 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 1.5 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 528 | 226 (36,800 ± 1300), 275 (26,800 ± 900), 322 (6400 ± 200), 366 (3600 ± 100) |
10 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 1.9 | 10.7 ± 0.6 | 516 | 225 (41,600 ± 7300), 275 (27,200 ± 4900), 323 (5700 ± 900), 367 (3200 ± 400) |
11 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 1.0 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 518 | 228 (34,600 ± 1200), 286 (23,400 ± 800), 308 (11,900 ± 400), 372 (2100 ± 70) |
12 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 2.0 | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 507 | 227 (36,800 ± 6800), 285 (23,800 ± 700), 309 (11,500 ± 300), 373 (2100 ± 50) |
13 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 0.4 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 536 | 222 (18,900 ± 200), 249 (20,100 ± 1900), 308 (10,700 ± 400), 318 (12,500 ± 400), 343 (3600 ± 700) |
14 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 0.6 | 9.1 ± 3.0 | 528 | 246 (22,600 ± 500), 308 (107,00 ± 200), 319 (13,000 ± 300), 345 (3400 ± 100) |
15 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 0.4 | 6.5 ± 2.0 | 528 | 252 (24,000 ± 3000), 304 (11,800 ± 1500), 315 (13,400 ± 1700), 338 (4600 ± 500) |
16 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 0.6 | 11.5 ± 3.9 | 518 | 250 (82,00 ± 4300), 305 (12,800 ± 2000), 315 (14,900 ± 2300), 339 (4000 ± 400) |
17 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 0.3 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 537 | 223 (33,900 ± 1000), 251 (30,500 ± 900), 303 (8800 ± 300), 337 (4500 ± 80) |
18 | Air-equilibrqted Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.40) | 0.4 | 7.1 ± 3.0 | 527 | 224 (41,400 ± 2000), 251 (34,100 ± 1900), 303 (9600 ± 500), 332 (4700 ± 300) |
Complex | Cell Lines | Cell Line Target Description | IC50 (µM) | Cytotoxicity (IC50) |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | >164 | Inactive (<100 μM) |
5 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | >185 | Inactive (<100 μM) |
6 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 36 ± 3 | Modest activity (51 μM) |
7 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 51 ± 5 | Modest activity (36 μM) |
9 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 26.4 ± 9.2 | Active |
10 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 5.9 ± 1.4 | Active |
11 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 9.6 ± 4.2 | Active |
12 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 19.2 ± 2.9 | Active |
14 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 14.9 ± 3.2 | Active |
16 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 60.3 ± 18.2 | Active |
17 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 68.0 ± 4.3 | Active |
18 | HeLa | Cervical cancer cell | 24.3 ± 9.1 | Active |
19 | A2780 | Human ovary epithelial cell, ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma. | 3.5 ± 2.8 | Active |
20 | A2780 | Human ovary epithelial cell, ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma. | 2.2 ± 1.8 | Active |
21 | A2780 | Human ovary epithelial cell, ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma. | 2.2 ± 0.2 | Active |
22 | HT-29 | Human colon epithelial cell, adenocarcinoma. | <250 | Active |
PT-45 | Human pancreas epithelial cell, adenocarcinoma. | <250 | Active | |
23 | T98G | Human brain fibroblast, glioblastoma. | >50 | Active |
PC3 | Human prostate epithelial cell, adenocarcinoma. | >50 | Active | |
24 | HT-29 | Human colon epithelial cell, adenocarcinoma. | 32.6 ± 0.7 | Active |
PT-45 | Human pancreas epithelial cell, adenocarcinoma. | 2.2 ± 0.3 | Active | |
HepG2 | Human liver epithelial cell, hepatocellular carcinoma. | 10.5 ± 0.5 | Active | |
T98G | Human brain fibroblast, glioblastoma. | 6.45 ± 1.64 | Active | |
PC3 | Human prostate epithelial cell, adenocarcinoma. | 2.19 ± 0.11 | Active | |
A2780 | Human ovary epithelial cell, ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma. | 0.23 ± 0.07 | Active | |
HeLa | Cervical cancer | 6.6 ± 0.7 | Active |
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Mkhatshwa, M.; Moremi, J.M.; Makgopa, K.; Manicum, A.-L.E. Nanoparticles Functionalised with Re(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes for Cancer Theranostics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126546
Mkhatshwa M, Moremi JM, Makgopa K, Manicum A-LE. Nanoparticles Functionalised with Re(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes for Cancer Theranostics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(12):6546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126546
Chicago/Turabian StyleMkhatshwa, Marcus, Joshua Mamolatelo Moremi, Katlego Makgopa, and Amanda-Lee Ezra Manicum. 2021. "Nanoparticles Functionalised with Re(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes for Cancer Theranostics" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12: 6546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126546