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Article

Involvement of ABA Responsive SVB Genes in the Regulation of Trichome Formation in Arabidopsis

by
Saddam Hussain
1,
Na Zhang
1,
Wei Wang
1,2,
Sajjad Ahmed
1,
Yuxin Cheng
1,
Siyu Chen
1,2,
Xutong Wang
1,
Yating Wang
1,
Xiaojun Hu
2,
Tianya Wang
1 and
Shucai Wang
1,2,*
1
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
2
Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(13), 6790; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136790
Submission received: 29 May 2021 / Revised: 18 June 2021 / Accepted: 20 June 2021 / Published: 24 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Cell and Organism Development 2.0)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Trichome formation in Arabidopsis is regulated by several key regulators, and plants hormones such as gibberellin, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and cytokinins have been shown to regulate trichome formation by affecting the transcription or activities of the key regulators. We report here the identification of two abscisic acid (ABA) responsive genes, SMALLER TRICHOMES WITH VARIABLE BRANCHES (SVB) and SVB2 as trichome formation regulator genes in Arabidopsis. The expression levels of SVB and SVB2 were increased in response to ABA treatment, their expression levels were reduced in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba1-5, and they have similar expression pattern. In addition to the trichome defects reported previously for the svb single mutant, we found that even though the trichome numbers were largely unaffected in both the svb and svb2 single mutants generate by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, the trichome numbers were greatly reduced in the svb svb2 double mutants. On the other hand, trichome numbers were increased in SVB or SVB2 overexpression plants. RT-PCR results show that the expression of the trichome formation key regulator gene ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (EGL3) was affected in the svb svb2 double mutants. Our results suggest that SVB and SVB2 are ABA responsive genes, and SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis.

1. Introduction

Trichomes are developed from epidermal cells on the surface of the plant aerial parts, and they can protect plants from some of the biotic and abiotic stresses such as excessive heat, water loss, and insect or pathogen attacks, due to their ability to increase thickness of the boundary layer between epidermal surface and environment [1,2].
As a good model for studying cell fate determination, trichome formation in Arabidopsis has been extensively studied. Accumulated evidence suggests that the key regulators of trichome formation in Arabidopsis are a few transcription factors [3,4,5,6,7]. These transcription factors including the WD40-repeat protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) [8], the R2R3 MYB transcription factor GLABRA1 (GL1) [9], the bHLH transcription factor GLABRA3 (GL3) or ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (EGL3) [10,11], the homeodomain protein GLABRA2 (GL2) [12], and the R3 MYB transcription factors including TRYPTICHON (TRY), CAPRICE (CPC), ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 (ETC1), ETC1, ETC3, TRICHOMELESS1 (TCL1) and TCL2 [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21].
TTG1, GL1 and GL3/EGL3 are able to form a MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex to activate the expression of GL2, therefore promote trichome formation [3,4,5,6,7]. This MBW complex is also able to activate the expression of some R3 MYB genes including TRY, CPC, ETC1 and ETC3 [13,14,15,17,18,20]. These R3 MYB proteins including ETC2, TCL1 and TCL2 can move to the neighboring cells, where they compete with GL1 for binding GL3, therefore blocking the formation of the MBW complex, hence resulting in the inhibition of trichome formation [3,4,5,6,7,22,23,24].
In addition to the key regulators, several other types of transcription factors have been found to regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis, by regulating gene expression and/or the activities of the key regulators. For example, the C2H2 transcription factors GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS (GIS) and GIS3, and the ZINC FINGER transcription factors ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 5 (ZFP5) and ZFP8 regulate the expression of the MBW complex component genes [25,26,27,28,29], the plant-specific transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE (SPL) transcription factor SPL9 and the NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC (NAC) transcription factor NTM1-LIKE 8 (NTL8) directly regulates the expression of R3 MYB genes TRY and TCL1 [30,31], whereas the CINCINNATA-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1-CYCLOIDEA-PCF (TCP) transcription factor TCP4 directly regulate the expression of R3 MYB genes TCL1 and TCL2 [32]. On the other hand, the TCP proteins such as TCP2, TCP3, TCP4, TCP5, TCP10, TCP13, TCP17 and TCP24 can interact directly with GL3, therefore affecting the formation of the MBW complex [33].
It should be noted that the plant hormone gibberellin (GA) is able to regulate the expression of ZFP6, and cytokinins (CTK) is able to regulate the expression of ZFP8 and GIS2 [25,26,28,29], therefore are involved in the regulation of trichome formation. The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) is also involved in the regulation of trichome formation in Arabidopsis. The Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins, the key negative regulators of JA signaling [34,35], are able to interact with GL1, GL3 and EGL3, therefore affecting the formation of the MBW complex [36]. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a key stress hormone that regulates plant abiotic stress responses via signal transduction [37,38,39,40,41]. However, it remained unknown whether ABA may also involve in the regulation of trichome formation in Arabidopsis.
ABA signaling through the Pyrabactin resistance 1/PYR1-like/Regulatory component of ABA (PYR1/PYL/RCAR) receptors, the A-group PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C (PP2C) phosphatases, the NONFERMENTING 1 (SNF1)-RELATED PROTEIN KINASES (SnRK) protein kinases, and the ABA-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING FACTOR/ABA-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN/ABA INSENSITIVE 5 (ABF/AREB/ABI5)-type bZIP (basic region leucine zipper) transcription factors results in the activation or repression of hundreds and thousands of ABA responsive genes [38,41,42,43,44,45,46]. However, functions of most ABA responsive genes remained unknown.
SMALLER TRICHOMES WITH VARIABLE BRANCHES (SVB), a DUF538 domain containing protein was initially identified as a regulator of trichome morphology in Arabidopsis, and svb mutant produced small trichomes with variable branches [47], and expression of SVB under its native promoter recovered the trichome phenotypes in the svb mutant [48]. SVB was then identified as a PI(3)P and PI(3,5) P2 binding protein, and salt affects the binding of SVB with PI(3)P and PI(3,5) P2 [49]. Recently, it has been shown that the expression of SVB is induced by tunicamycin-induced ER stress, and SVB is required for ER stress tolerance [48].
In an attempt to identify novel plays in ABA signaling by exploring available transcriptome dataset [50], we found the expression of SVB was highly induced by ABA, with an RPKM of 174 in control compared to 846.9 in ABA treated samples, indicating that ABA may play a role in regulating trichome morphology and/or trichome formation. Here we report the identification of both SVB and its closest related DUF538 gene, SVB2 as ABA responsive genes, and we show that SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis via affecting the expression of some trichome formation key regulator genes.

2. Results

2.1. Expression of SVBs Are Regulated by ABA

Available transcriptome dataset indicates that the expression of SVB is induced by ABA treatment [50]. To test if this is indeed the case, we examined the expression of SVB in response to ABA treatment by using RT-PCR. Col wile type Arabidopsis seedlings were treated with ABA, RNA was isolated and subjected to RT-PCR analysis. As shown in Figure 1a, the expression level of SVB increased dramatically in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with ABA when compared with that in the control seedlings.
We further examined the expression of SVB in seedlings of the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba1-5 [51], and found that the expression level of SVB was decreased in the aba1-5 mutant when compared with that in the Ler wild type (Figure 1b). These results suggest that SVB is an ABA response gene.
It has been reported that there are 5 SVB homologs in Arabidopsis [48]. Protein homologs assays on Phytozome (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html#, accessed on 4 June 2021) show that SVB indeed shared high similarities with some other DUF538 proteins. Different from SVB and its 5 homologs, At3g07470, the next closely related DUF538 protein, has an N-terminal signal peptide as predicted by SignalP (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP, accessed on 4 June 2021) (Figure 1c). Amino acid sequence alignment also show that SVB shared high amino acid sequence identity and similarity at the DUF538 domain with its 5 homologs, but not At3g07470 (Figure 1d) These results suggest that there are a total of 6 SVBs in Arabidopsis, therefore we named the 5 SVB homologs SVBs, i.e., SVB2 (At1g09310), SVB3 (At5g46230), SVB4 (At1g30020), SVB5 (At4g24130) and SVB6 (At5g49600).
We therefore examined ABA response of other five SVB genes, we found that the expression levels of SVB2, SVB5 and SVB6 were increased, but the expression level of SVB3 was decreased in response to ABA, whereas the expression level of SVB4 remained largely unchanged (Figure 1a). Similar to that of SVB, the expression level of SVB5 and SVB6 were decreased in the aba1-5 mutant seedlings (Figure 1b).

2.2. SVB and SVB2 Have Similar Expression Pattern and Similar Protein Subcellular Localization

By using promoter-GUS transgenic plants, Yu and Kanehara [48] have shown that SVB is highly expressed at different development stages. To examine the functions of SVBs, we examined expression pattern of SVBs. Different tissues and organs were collected, RNA was isolated, and used for RT-PCR analysis. We found that the SVBs showed different expression patterns. SVB, SVB2 and SVB4 are expressed in all the tissue and organs examined, but the expression pattern are somewhat different. SVB and SVB2 have largely similar expression patterns, with the highest expression levels observed in flowers, whereas SVB4 is ubiquitously expressed in all the tissues and organs examined (Figure 2a).
On the other hand, SVB3, SVB5 and SVB6 showed tissue specific expression patterns. SVB3 is mainly expressed in cauline leaves, SVB5 is mainly expressed in flowers, siliques, cauline leaves, and roots, whereas SVB6 is mainly expressed in flower (Figure 2a).
Previously report has shown that SVB is localized in multiple organelles of the cells, including plasma membrane, prevacuolar compartment, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [48]. By using protoplast transfection assays, we found that GFP florescence was observed all over the cell for SVB, SVB2, SVB3 and SVB5, but SVB4 and SVB6 were predominantly localized in nucleus (Figure 2b).

2.3. SVB but Not Other SVBs Affect Trichome Development

Similar ABA responses and similar expression patterns suggest that SVB and SVB2 may have similar functions. To examine if that is the case, we generated gene edited mutants for SVB and SVB2, respectively by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. We found that both the svb-c1 and svb-c2 mutants produced small trichomes with variable branches (Figure 3a), similar to previously reported for the svb T-DNA insertion mutants [47,48]. In both the svb-c1 and svb-c2 mutants, only one target was edited, and a single nucleotide was inserted at one of the target sites (Figure 3b). However, unlike that in the svb mutants, trichomes in both the svb2-c1 and svb2-c2 mutants were largely indistinguishable from that of the Col wild type (Figure 3a). In both the svb2-c1 and svb2-c2 mutants, both target sites were edited, resulting in a 137bp fragment deletion (Figure 3c), suggest that these mutants should be loss-of-function mutants.
To exam if other SBVs may also involve in trichome development, we generated single mutants for SVB3 to SVB6 genes, as shown in Figure 4a, trichomes in both the svb3 and svb4 mutants were largely similar to the Col wild type. In the svb3 mutants, either one target or both targets were edited, resulting in a single nucleotide insertion and a 263bp fragment deletion, respectively (Figure 4b). Similarly, the svb4 mutants have either a single nucleotide insertion or a 149bp fragment deletion (Figure 4c). Trichomes in the svb5 and svb6 mutants were also largely unaffected (Figure 5a). In both the svb5 mutants, only one target was edited, resulting in a single nucleotide insertion (Figure 5b), whereas in the svb6 mutants, either a single nucleotide was inserted or a 233bp fragment was deleted (Figure 5c).

2.4. SVB and SVB2 Function Redundantly to Regulate Trichome Formation

The results described above show that SVB shared similar ABA response and similar expression pattern with SVB2, phylogenic analysis on Phylogeny (www.phylogeny.fr, accessed on 4 June 2021) shows that SVB is closely related to SVB2 (Figure 6a). Therefore, we examined if SVB and SVB2 may function redundantly to regulate trichome development in Arabidopsis.
We therefore generated svb svb2 double mutants by editing SVB2 in the svb-c2 mutant background. We found that both the svb svb2-c1 and svb svb2-c2 mutants showed a glabrous-like phenotype, with only smaller trichomes were observed on the rosette leaves of the mutants (Figure 6b). In the double mutants, both target sites of SVB2 were edited, resulting in a 137bp fragment deletion and a single nucleotide insertion in the svb svb2-c1 and svb svb2-c2 mutants, respectively (Figure 6c), suggesting that these mutants should be loss-of-function mutants.
Since SVB3 is closely related to SVB4, and SVB5 is closely related to SVB6 (Figure 6a), we also generated svb3 svb4 and svb5 svb6 double mutants. We found that trichome formation was not affected in the svb3 svb4 double mutants (Figure 7a). The svb3 svb4 double mutants were generated by using a CRISPR/Cas9 construct targeting both SVB3 and SVB4 genes. In both of the svb3 svb4 lines, a single nucleotide was inserted in the SVB3 gene (Figure 7b). As for the SVB4 gene, a single nucleotide was inserted for both lines, however, at different target sites (Figure 7c). Trichome formation in the svb5 svb6 double mutants was also not affected (Figure 8a). The mutants were generated in the svb5-c1 mutant background by editing SVB6 gene, a single nucleotide was inserted in one line, and a 234bp fragment deletion was occurred in another line (Figure 8b).
Since only svb svb2 showed a trichome formation phenotype (Figure 6a), to further examine the functions of SVB and SVB2 in regulating trichome formation, we generated plants overexpressing SVB and SVB2, respectively. We found that trichome morphologies in the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants are largely similar to that of the Col wild type (Figure 9a), and RT-PCR results show that SVB and SVB2 were overexpressed in the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants, respectively (Figure 9b). However, quantitative analysis show that both the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants produced more trichomes on the rosette leaves. Eventhough that in the svb and svb2 single mutants remained largely unchanged when compare with the Col wild type, the trichome numbers on the rosette leaves of the svb svb2 double mutants were only about half of that in the Col wild type (Figure 9c).
To examine how SVB and SVB2 may regulate trichome formation, we examined the expression of trichome formation key regulator genes in the svb svb2 double mutants, we found that the expression of EGL3 was increased when compared with that in the Col wild type seedlings (Figure 6d).

2.5. SVB and SVB2 Function Redundantly to Regulate Plant Growth and Development

In addition to trichome formation, we found that SVB and SVB2 also function redundantly to regulate plant growth and development in Arabidopsis. As shown in Figure 10a, both the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants produced bigger rosettes when compared with that of the Col wild type. On the other hand, the rosette size of the svb and svb2 single mutants is largely indistinguishable from that of the Col wild type, however, the svb svb2 double mutants produced much smaller rosettes.
When reached mature stage, the plant height of the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants is higher than the Col wild type, whereas that of the svb and svb2 single mutants is largely similar to the Col wild type, but that the svb svb2 double mutants is much shorter than the Col wild type (Figure 10b).
We also noted that fertility of the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants was reduced, but that of the svb and svb2 single mutants and the svb svb2 double mutants is largely unaffected (Figure 10c).

3. Discussion

The DUF538 domain protein SVB has previously been identified as a regulator of trichome morphology, and its T-DNA insertion mutant svb plant produced variable branched small trichomes [47,48]. We provide evidence here that SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis.
Firstly, the gene edited svb svb2 double mutants produced less trichomes (Figure 6, Figure 9), even though trichome numbers in the svb and svb2 single mutants were indistinguishable from the Col wild type (Figure 9). The gene edited svb single mutants produced variable branched small trichomes (Figure 3), similar to previously reported for the T-DNA insertion svb mutants [47], indicating that the gene edited svb single mutants are loss-of-function mutants. Whereas gene edited svb2 mutants are morphologically similar the wild type, but the svb svb2 double mutants produced less trichomes (Figure 6, Figure 9), and the overall growth and development was also affected in the double mutants (Figure 10), suggesting that the phenotypes observed in the svb svb2 double mutants are indeed caused by loss-of-function of both SVB and SVB2 genes. Secondly, transgenic plant overexpressing SVB or SVB2 produced more trichomes (Figure 9). Thirdly, the expression of the trichome formation key regulator gene EGL3 was affected in the svb svb2 double mutants (Figure 6).
It is well known that trichome formation in Arabidopsis is regulated by a few key regulators including TTG1, GL1, GL3/EGL3, GL2 and the R3 MYB transcription factor [3,4,5,6,7]. Some other regulators such as GIS proteins GIS and GIS3, ZINC FINGER proteins ZFP5 and ZFP8, SPL protein SPL9, and NAC protein NTL8, and several TCP proteins are also involved in the regulation of trichome formation either via regulating the expression of the MBW complex component genes [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32], or affecting the formation or activation of the MBW complex [33]. We show that SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis (Figure 6 and Figure 9), and we found that the expression of EGL3 is affected in the svb svb2 double mutants (Figure 6). These results suggest that SVB and SVB2 may also regulate trichome formation via modulating the expression of trichome formation key regulator genes. However, the expression level of EGL3 is increased in the svb svb2 double mutants, whereas trichome formation is inhibited in the svb svb2 double mutants (Figure 6), considering that EGL3 is a positive regulator of trichome formation [11], how SVB and SVB2 may regulate trichome formation still remained unclear. It is possible that increased expression level of EGL3 may affected the formation of the MBW complex. However, since SVB and SVB2 also have redundant functions in regulating plant growth and development (Figure 10), and SVB has been found to bind PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P2 [49], and also plays a role in ER stress tolerance [48], it is also possible that SVB and SVB2 may use different mechanisms to regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis.
Several plant hormones including GA, CTK and JA have been shown to be involved in the regulation of trichome formation in Arabidopsis, but in different ways. GA regulates the expression of ZFP6, and CTK regulates the expression of ZFP8 and GIS2, which are able to regulate trichome formation via affecting the expression of trichome formation key regulator genes [25,26,27,29], whereas the JA signaling regulators JAZ proteins are able to directly interact with trichome formation key regulators GL1, GL3 and EGL3 [36]. Since SVB and SVB2 are ABA response genes (Figure 1), the involvement of SVB and SVB2 in the regulation of trichome formation suggests that ABA may also involve in the regulation of trichome formation in Arabidopsis. To examine if defects in ABA biosynthesis or ABA signaling may affect SVB and SVB2 regulated trichome formation, and to identify the regulators of SVB and SVB2 and examine their roles in trichome foramtion may help to reveal the roles of ABA in regulating trichome formation in Arabidopsis.
Considering that all the SVBs shared high amino acid identity and similarity, and at least the expression of SVB5 and SVB6 was also regulated by ABA (Figure 1), eventhough trichome formation was largely unaffected in the svb3 svb4 and svb5 svb6 double mutants (Figure 7 and Figure 8), it is still worthwhile to figure out if other SVBs may also be involved in the regulation of trichome formation by generating and characterizing SVBs high order mutants. On the other hand, at least SVB5 and SVB6 have different expression patterns with other SVBs, especially SVB6 is predominantly expressed in flowers (Figure 2), and at least the subcellular localization of SVB4 and SVB6 are different from the other SVBs, it is possible that the SVBs may also have different functions. Generation of high order mutants may help to reveal the functions of SVBs in Arabidopsis.
In summary, we found that both SVB and SVB2 are ABA response genes, and that SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions

The Columbia-0 (Col) wild type Arabidopsis was used for ABA treatment, protoplasts isolation, and plant transformation. The Ler wild type Arabidopsis was used as a control for examining the expression of SVB genes in the ABA biosynthesis mutant, aba1-5 [51].
For ABA treatment and gene expression analysis, seeds of the Col and Ler wild types, the aba1-5 mutant, the SVBs overexpression plants, and the svbs mutants were bleach sterilized, washed with sterilized water, and then plated on 0.6% (w/v) phytoagar (PlantMedia, Dublin, OH, USA) solidified, 1% (w/v) sucrose-containing ½ Murashige & Skoog (MS) plates. The plates were kept for 2 days in darkness at 4 °C, and then transferred to a growth room. For plant transformation and protoplast isolation, seeds of the Col wild type and svbs single mutants were sown into soil pots directly and grew in a growth room.
The temperature in the growth chamber was set at 22 °C, the photoperiod was at 16 h light/8 h dark, and the light density was at ~125 μmol m−2 s−1.

4.2. RNA Isolation and RT-PCR

To examine the expression of SVBs in response to ABA, seedlings of 12-day-old Col wild type Arabidopsis were treated with 50 μM ABA for 4 h, and then samples were collected. To examine the expression of SVBs in aba1-5 mutants, 12-day-old Ler wild type and aba1-5 mutant seedlings were collected. To examine the expression pattern of SVBs, tissues and organs were collected from soil growing Col wild type Arabidopsis plants. To examine the expression of trichome formation key regulator genes, 12-day-old Col wild type, SVBs overexpression plants, and svbs gene edited mutants were collected. All the samples were frozen in liquid N2 immediately after collected, and then kept at −80 °C for RNA isolation.
Total RNA was isolated from the samples by using an EasyPure Plant RNA Kit (TransGene Biotech, Beijing, China), and cDNA was synthesized by using the EazyScript First-Strand DNA Synthesis Super Mix (TransGen Biotech), and by following the manufacturer’s instructions. RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of SVBs and trichome formation core regulator genes, as the basal expression levels of some genes, or gene expression levels in some tissues and organs are very low and are not suitable for qRT-PCR analysis. The primers used for RT-PCR analysis of SVBs are listed in Table S1, the primers for RT-PCR analysis of the trichome formation key regulator genes, and the ACT2 control gene have been described previously [19,20,52].

4.3. Constructs

To generate GFP-SVBs constructs for protoplast transfection, the full-length open reading frame (ORF) sequences of SVBs were RT-PCR amplified by using RNA isolated from 12-day-old Col wild type seedlings, and cloned in frame with an N-terminal GFP tag into the pUC19 vector under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter as described previously [53,54].
To generate 35S:SVBs constructs for plant transformation, the amplified full-length ORF sequences of SVBs were cloned in frame with an N-terminal HA tag into pUC19 vector under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter [53,54]. The 35S:SVBs in the pUC19 construct were then subcloned into the binary vector pPZP211 [55].
To generate CRISPR/Cas9 constructs for gene editing of SVBs, potential target sequences were identified by scanning the exon sequences of SVBs on CRISPRscan (http://www.crisprscan.org/?page=sequence, accessed on 15 March 2017), and then evaluated on Cas-OFFinder (http://www.rgenome.net/cas-offinder/, accessed on 15 March 2017). The specific target sequences selected for editing SVB were 5′-CGCCACCGAGGTCATTGCAC(AGG)-3′ and 5′-GGACACCAACTGGTCTGTCC(AGG)-3′, for SVB2 were 5′-GTTGGGTATGACAGAGAGTC(AGG)-3′ and 5′-GCTCACTGGAGTCAAAGCCA(AGG)-3′, for SVB3 were 5′-GAAGGAGCAGAGATCTGCAA(TGG)-3′ and 5′-GAGCAAAGAGATTTTGATTT(GGG)-3′, for SVB4 were 5′-GCTCTCATCAAACTACCCAC(GGG)3′ and 5′-GGAGATAACTGCGTTTGTTG(AGG)-3′, for SVB5 were 5′-TGAGATCGTGTACGGGG(CGG)-3′ and 5′-GGCAGGTCTTTCCCCGTTAC(CGG)-3′, for SVB6 were 5′-GGTTCGCTTTTATCCGAAAT(CGG)-3′ and 5′-GGTTAAGGCTAAGGAGTTCA(TGG)-3′. The target sequences were inserted into the FT expression cassette-containing pHEE401E vector as described previously [56]. The primers used for making SVBs gene editing constructs are listed in Table S1.

4.4. Plant Transformation and Transgenic Plants Selection

Transgenic plants were generated by using floral dip method [57], and Arabidopsis plants about 5-week-old when the main inflorescences have produced several mature flowers were used for transformation. The Col wild type Arabidopsis were transformed to generate overexpression plants, gene edited svbs single mutants and svb3 svb4 double mutants. The svb-c2 and svb5-c1 single mutants were used to generate gene edited svb svb2 and svb5 svb6 double mutants, respectively. T1 seeds collected from the transformed plants were plated on ½ MS plates containing 50 μg/mL carbenicillin and 50 μg/mL kanamycin to select transgenic plants.
To obtain overexpression plants, T2 seeds collected from T1 transgenic plants were selected on ½ MS plates containing 30 μg/mL kanamycin to select lines with 3:1 segregation, and T3 seeds collected from T2 plants were selected ½ MS plates containing 30 μg/mL kanamycin for homozygous lines. Expression of SVBs in the transgenic plants was examined to obtain SVBs overexpression plants.
Gene edited Cas9-free svbs mutants were obtained by following the procedure described previously [56]. Briefly, gene edited status in T1 plants with early flowering phenotypes was examined, and T2 seeds collected from gene edited T1 plants were sown directly into soil pots, and gene edited status in the normal flowering (Cas9-free) T2 plants was examined, and Cas9-free status was further confirmed by amplifying Cas9 fragment in the mutants.

4.5. DNA Isolation and PCR

To examine gene editing status of SVBs, leaves of early flowering T1 transgenic plants or normal flowering T2 progeny of the gene edited early flowering T1 plants were collected, DNA was isolated and used for PCR amplification of SVBs genome sequences. PCR products were isolated and sequenced, and sequences obtained were aligned with the corresponding wild type SVBs sequences. DNA isolated from homozygous gene edited mutants identified from normal flowering T2 plants was also subjected to PCR amplification of the Cas9 fragement to confirm the Cas9-free status. The primers used for amplifying SVBs genome sequences are listed in Table S1, and the primers used for amplifying Cas9 fragment have been described previously [58].

4.6. Plasmid DNA Isolation, Protoplast Isolation and Transfection

Plasmid DNA of the GFP-SVBs constructs was isolated by using a GoldHi EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit (Kangwei, Beijing, China), and by following the manufacture’s procedure. Protoplasts were isolated from rosette leaves of ~4-week-old Col wild-type Arabidopsis plants, transfected with plasmid DNA of the GFP-SVBs constructs, and incubated in darkness at room temperature as described previously [41,54,59,60].

4.7. Morphological Assays

For morphological assays, seeds of the Col wild type, the 35S:SVBs overexpression, single and double svbs mutant lines were germinated and grown in soil pots. Pictures of the plants were taken at indicated growth stages by using a digital camera.

4.8. Microscopy

Trichome phenotypes of 8- or 10-day-old Col wild type, the SVBs overexpression plants and the svbs mutants were examined, and pictures were taken under a Motic K microscope which was equipped with an EOS 1100D digital camera. Trichome numbers on the first true leaves was calculated, and statistical analysis was performed by using Student’s t-Test (https://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/ttest1/?format=SD, accessed on 17 June 2021). GFP fluorescence in the transfected Arabidopsis protoplasts was examined, and pictures were taken under an Olympus FV1000 confocal microscope.

Supplementary Materials

The Supplementary Materials are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms22136790/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.W., T.W. and X.H.; investigation, S.H., N.Z., W.W., S.A., Y.C., S.C., X.W. and Y.W.; data curation, S.H., N.Z., W.W. and S.A; writing—original draft preparation, S.W.; writing—review and editing, S.H. and S.W; project administration, S.W.; funding acquisition, S.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 32071938, and a startup funding from Linyi University, grant number LYDX2019BS039.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data obtained were presented in this article.

Acknowledgments

We thank all our lab members in both Northeast Normal University and Linyi University for their helpful discussion and suggestion.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Figure 1. SVB is an ABA response gene and is closely related to other 5 SVBs. (a) Expression of SVBs in response to ABA. Twelve-day-old Col wild type seedlings were treated with 50 μM ABA for 4 h, RNA was isolated, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of SVBs. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control. (b) Expression of SVBs in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba1-5. RNA was isolated from 12-day-old Ler wild type and aba1-5 mutant seedlings, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of SVBs. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control. (c) Signaling peptide prediction of At3g07470. The full-length amino acid sequence of At3g07470 was used for signal peptide prediction on SignalP (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP, accessed on 4 June 2021). (d) Amino acid alignment of SVBs and At3g07470. The full-length amino acid sequences of SVBs and At3g07470 were obtained from phytozome (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html#, accessed on 4 June 2021) and sequence alignment was performed by using BioEdit 7.0 (https://bioedit.software.informer.com/7.0/, accessed on 4 June 2021). The identical amino acids were shaded in black, and the similar ones in gray. Solid underline indicates the DUF538 domain. Dash underline indicates the signal peptide in At3g07470.
Figure 1. SVB is an ABA response gene and is closely related to other 5 SVBs. (a) Expression of SVBs in response to ABA. Twelve-day-old Col wild type seedlings were treated with 50 μM ABA for 4 h, RNA was isolated, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of SVBs. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control. (b) Expression of SVBs in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba1-5. RNA was isolated from 12-day-old Ler wild type and aba1-5 mutant seedlings, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of SVBs. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control. (c) Signaling peptide prediction of At3g07470. The full-length amino acid sequence of At3g07470 was used for signal peptide prediction on SignalP (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP, accessed on 4 June 2021). (d) Amino acid alignment of SVBs and At3g07470. The full-length amino acid sequences of SVBs and At3g07470 were obtained from phytozome (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html#, accessed on 4 June 2021) and sequence alignment was performed by using BioEdit 7.0 (https://bioedit.software.informer.com/7.0/, accessed on 4 June 2021). The identical amino acids were shaded in black, and the similar ones in gray. Solid underline indicates the DUF538 domain. Dash underline indicates the signal peptide in At3g07470.
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Figure 2. Expression patterns of SVBs and subcellular localization of SVBs. (a) Expression pattern of SVBs. RNA was isolated from different tissues and organs collected from the Col wild type Arabidopsis plant, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of SVBs. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control. (b) Subcellular localization of SVBs. Plasmids of the effector genes GFP-SVBs were transfected into protoplasts isolated from rosette leaves of 3-4 weeks old Col wild type Arabidopsis plants, and GFP fluorescence was observed and photographed under a confocal microscope after the transfected protoplasts were incubated in darkness at room temperature for 20~22 h.
Figure 2. Expression patterns of SVBs and subcellular localization of SVBs. (a) Expression pattern of SVBs. RNA was isolated from different tissues and organs collected from the Col wild type Arabidopsis plant, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of SVBs. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control. (b) Subcellular localization of SVBs. Plasmids of the effector genes GFP-SVBs were transfected into protoplasts isolated from rosette leaves of 3-4 weeks old Col wild type Arabidopsis plants, and GFP fluorescence was observed and photographed under a confocal microscope after the transfected protoplasts were incubated in darkness at room temperature for 20~22 h.
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Figure 3. Mutations of SVB but not SVB2 affect trichome development. (a) Trichome phenotypes of the Col wild type, the svb and svb2 single mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb-c1, svb-c2, svb2-c1 and svb2-c2 mutants were sow directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichome phenotypes on the first two rosette leaves of 10-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB in the svb-c1 and svb-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, and stars indicate the single nucleotide inserted in the target sequences. (c) Editing status of SVB2 in the svb2-c1 and svb2-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, and open arrow heads indicate the sites where small fragments were deleted.
Figure 3. Mutations of SVB but not SVB2 affect trichome development. (a) Trichome phenotypes of the Col wild type, the svb and svb2 single mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb-c1, svb-c2, svb2-c1 and svb2-c2 mutants were sow directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichome phenotypes on the first two rosette leaves of 10-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB in the svb-c1 and svb-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, and stars indicate the single nucleotide inserted in the target sequences. (c) Editing status of SVB2 in the svb2-c1 and svb2-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, and open arrow heads indicate the sites where small fragments were deleted.
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Figure 4. Mutations of SVB3 or SVB4 did not affect trichome development. (a) Trichome phenotypes of the Col wild type, the svb3 and svb4 single mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb3-c1, svb3-c2, svb4-c1 and svb4-c2 mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichome phenotypes on the first two rosette leaves of 8-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB3 in the svb3-c1 and svb3-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence, and open arrow head indicates the site where a small fragments was deleted. (c) Editing status of SVB4 in the svb4-c1 and svb4-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence, and open arrow heads indicate the sites where small fragments were deleted.
Figure 4. Mutations of SVB3 or SVB4 did not affect trichome development. (a) Trichome phenotypes of the Col wild type, the svb3 and svb4 single mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb3-c1, svb3-c2, svb4-c1 and svb4-c2 mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichome phenotypes on the first two rosette leaves of 8-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB3 in the svb3-c1 and svb3-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence, and open arrow head indicates the site where a small fragments was deleted. (c) Editing status of SVB4 in the svb4-c1 and svb4-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence, and open arrow heads indicate the sites where small fragments were deleted.
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Figure 5. Mutations of SVB5 or SVB6 did not affect trichome development. (a) Trichome phenotypes of the Col wild type, the svb5 and svb6 single mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb5-c1, svb5-c2, svb6-c1 and svb6-c2 mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichome phenotypes on the first two rosette leaves of 8-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB5 in the svb5-c1 and svb5-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, and stars indicate the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequences. (c) Editing status of SVB6 in the svb6-c1 and svb6-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence, and open arrow head indicates the site where a small fragment was deleted.
Figure 5. Mutations of SVB5 or SVB6 did not affect trichome development. (a) Trichome phenotypes of the Col wild type, the svb5 and svb6 single mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb5-c1, svb5-c2, svb6-c1 and svb6-c2 mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichome phenotypes on the first two rosette leaves of 8-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB5 in the svb5-c1 and svb5-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, and stars indicate the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequences. (c) Editing status of SVB6 in the svb6-c1 and svb6-c2 mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and sequenced. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence, and open arrow head indicates the site where a small fragment was deleted.
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Figure 6. SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate trichome formation. (a) Phylogenetic analysis of SVBs. Full-length amino acid sequences of the SVBs were obtained on Phytozome (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html#, accessed on 4 June 2021), and used for phylogenetic analysis on phylogeny (http://www.phylogeny.fr/simple_phylogeny.cgi, accessed on 4 June 2021) “One Click” mode with default settings was used for the assays. Bar indicates branch length, and numbers above the branches indicate support values. (b) Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of the Col wild type and the svb svb2 double mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb svb2-c1 and svb svb2-c2 double mutants were sow directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichomes on the first two rosette leaves of 10-day-old seedlings were examined under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (c) Editing status of SVB2 in the svb svb2-c1 and svb svb2-c2 double mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants and used for sequencing. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence, and open arrow head indicates the site where a small fragment was deleted. (d) Expression of EGL3 in the svb svb2-c1 double mutants. RNA was isolated from 12-day-old seedlings of the Col wild type and the svb svb2-c1 double mutants, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of EGL3. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control.
Figure 6. SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate trichome formation. (a) Phylogenetic analysis of SVBs. Full-length amino acid sequences of the SVBs were obtained on Phytozome (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html#, accessed on 4 June 2021), and used for phylogenetic analysis on phylogeny (http://www.phylogeny.fr/simple_phylogeny.cgi, accessed on 4 June 2021) “One Click” mode with default settings was used for the assays. Bar indicates branch length, and numbers above the branches indicate support values. (b) Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of the Col wild type and the svb svb2 double mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb svb2-c1 and svb svb2-c2 double mutants were sow directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichomes on the first two rosette leaves of 10-day-old seedlings were examined under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (c) Editing status of SVB2 in the svb svb2-c1 and svb svb2-c2 double mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants and used for sequencing. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence, and open arrow head indicates the site where a small fragment was deleted. (d) Expression of EGL3 in the svb svb2-c1 double mutants. RNA was isolated from 12-day-old seedlings of the Col wild type and the svb svb2-c1 double mutants, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of EGL3. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control.
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Figure 7. Mutations of SVB3 and SVB4 did not affect trichome development. (a) Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of the Col wild type and the svb3 svb4 double mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb3 svb4-c1 and svb3 svb4-c2 double mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichomes on the first two rosette leaves of 8-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB3 in the svb3 svb4-c1 and svb3 svb4-c2 double mutants. (c) Editing status of SVB4 in the svb3 svb4-c1 and svb3 svb4-c2 double mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and used for sequencing. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, and stars indicate the single nucleotide inserted in the target sequences.
Figure 7. Mutations of SVB3 and SVB4 did not affect trichome development. (a) Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of the Col wild type and the svb3 svb4 double mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb3 svb4-c1 and svb3 svb4-c2 double mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichomes on the first two rosette leaves of 8-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB3 in the svb3 svb4-c1 and svb3 svb4-c2 double mutants. (c) Editing status of SVB4 in the svb3 svb4-c1 and svb3 svb4-c2 double mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants, and used for sequencing. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, and stars indicate the single nucleotide inserted in the target sequences.
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Figure 8. Mutation of SVB5 and SVB6 did not affect trichome development. (a) Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of the Col wild type, and the svb5 svb6 double mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb5 svb6-c1 and svb5 svb6-c2 double mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichomes on the first two rosette leaves of 8-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB6 in the svb5 svb6-c1 and svb5 svb6-c2 double mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants and used for sequencing. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, open arrow head indicates the site where a small fragments was deleted, and star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence.
Figure 8. Mutation of SVB5 and SVB6 did not affect trichome development. (a) Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of the Col wild type, and the svb5 svb6 double mutants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the svb5 svb6-c1 and svb5 svb6-c2 double mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room, and trichomes on the first two rosette leaves of 8-day-old seedlings were examine under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Editing status of SVB6 in the svb5 svb6-c1 and svb5 svb6-c2 double mutants. DNA was isolated from normal flowering T2 plants and used for sequencing. Underlines indicate the PAM sites, open arrow head indicates the site where a small fragments was deleted, and star indicates the single nucleotide insertion in the target sequence.
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Figure 9. Overexpression of SVB and SVB2 promote trichome formation. (a) Trichome formation in the Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the 35S:SVB #3, 35S:SVB #75, 35S:SVB2 #8 and 35S:SVB2 #12 transgenic plants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room. Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of 10-day-old seedlings were examined under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Expression of SVB and SVB2 in the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plant seedlings, respectively. RNA was isolated from 12-day-old seedlings of the Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of SVB and SVB2, respectively. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control. (c) Trichome numbers on the first two rosette leaves of the Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants. Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of 10-day-old seedlings were counted under a Motic K microscope. Data represent the mean ± SD of 10 seedlings (20 leaves). * Significantly different from the Col wild type (p < 0.0001).
Figure 9. Overexpression of SVB and SVB2 promote trichome formation. (a) Trichome formation in the Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants. Seeds of the Col wild type, the 35S:SVB #3, 35S:SVB #75, 35S:SVB2 #8 and 35S:SVB2 #12 transgenic plants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room. Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of 10-day-old seedlings were examined under a Motic K microscope and pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera connected to the microscope. (b) Expression of SVB and SVB2 in the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plant seedlings, respectively. RNA was isolated from 12-day-old seedlings of the Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants, and RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of SVB and SVB2, respectively. The expression of ACT2 was used as a control. (c) Trichome numbers on the first two rosette leaves of the Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants. Trichome formation on the first two rosette leaves of 10-day-old seedlings were counted under a Motic K microscope. Data represent the mean ± SD of 10 seedlings (20 leaves). * Significantly different from the Col wild type (p < 0.0001).
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Figure 10. SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate plant growth and development. (a) Four-week-old and (b) 7-week-old Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants, the svb and svb2 single, and the svb svb2 double mutants. (c) Close view of the main inflorescence stems of 7-week-old Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants, the svb and svb2 single, and the svb svb2 double mutants. Seeds of Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants, the svb and svb2 single, and the svb svb2 double mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room. Pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera.
Figure 10. SVB and SVB2 function redundantly to regulate plant growth and development. (a) Four-week-old and (b) 7-week-old Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants, the svb and svb2 single, and the svb svb2 double mutants. (c) Close view of the main inflorescence stems of 7-week-old Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants, the svb and svb2 single, and the svb svb2 double mutants. Seeds of Col wild type, the 35S:SVB and 35S:SVB2 transgenic plants, the svb and svb2 single, and the svb svb2 double mutants were sown directly into soil pots and grown in a growth room. Pictures were taken by using an EOS 1100D digital camera.
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Hussain, S.; Zhang, N.; Wang, W.; Ahmed, S.; Cheng, Y.; Chen, S.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Hu, X.; Wang, T.; et al. Involvement of ABA Responsive SVB Genes in the Regulation of Trichome Formation in Arabidopsis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136790

AMA Style

Hussain S, Zhang N, Wang W, Ahmed S, Cheng Y, Chen S, Wang X, Wang Y, Hu X, Wang T, et al. Involvement of ABA Responsive SVB Genes in the Regulation of Trichome Formation in Arabidopsis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(13):6790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136790

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hussain, Saddam, Na Zhang, Wei Wang, Sajjad Ahmed, Yuxin Cheng, Siyu Chen, Xutong Wang, Yating Wang, Xiaojun Hu, Tianya Wang, and et al. 2021. "Involvement of ABA Responsive SVB Genes in the Regulation of Trichome Formation in Arabidopsis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13: 6790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136790

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