Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Anti-Viral Responses of the Immune System in VARID and Evidence of Nanomedicine
2.1. Physical-Mucosal Barriers from Saliva to Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
2.2. Surfactant Role in Viral Infection
2.3. Antiviral IFN Route
2.4. Natural and Secondary IgA
2.5. Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)
3. Anti-Viral Systemic or Local Nano-Vaccination and Immunotherapy
3.1. Nanocarriers for Targeted Anti-Viral Drug Delivery and Nano-Vaccine Design
3.1.1. Liposomes
3.1.2. Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.1.3. Dendrimers
3.1.4. Quantum Dots and Inorganic Nanoparticle
3.1.5. SAPNs and VLPs
4. Local Airway Delivery of Nanoparticles in VARID
4.1. Intranasal Airway Delivery of Therapeutic Nano-Carriers in VARID
4.2. Intranasal Airway Delivery of Nano-Vaccines in VARID
5. Key Points on Nanomedicine and Nano-Vaccine against COVID-19
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADE | antibody-dependent enhancement |
APC | antigen-presenting cell |
CpG | cytosine-guanine rich oligonucleotide |
DC | dendritic cell |
EMA | European Medicines Agency |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
hACE2 | human angiotensin converter enzyme-2 |
HPMA/NIPAM | N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide/N-isopropylacrylamide |
IEDB | Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource |
IFN-γ | interferon-g |
IL | interleukin |
MERS-CoV | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus |
NALT | nasal-associated lymphoid tissue |
NLR | nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing |
NLRP3 | NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 |
PapMV | papaya mosaic virus |
PEG | polyethylene glycol |
PGA | poly-glutamic acid |
pIgR | polymeric Ig receptor |
PLGA | poly lactic-co-glycolic acid |
RBD | receptor-binding domain |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RSV | respiratory syncytial virus |
SAPNs | self-assembling protein and peptide nanoparticles |
SARS | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
VLPs | virus-like particles |
CMV | Cytomegalovirus |
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Virus | VARID | Ref |
---|---|---|
Adenoviruses | Common Cold, Pneumonia | [15] |
Coronaviruses | Common Cold, SARS, MERS, COVID-19 | [6] |
Enteroviruses | Common Cold | [16] |
Influenza Virus (Types A and B) | Influenza, Pneumonia | [17] |
Metapneumovirus | Common Cold, Pneumonia, Bronchiolitis | [18] |
Parainfluenza Virus (Type 3) | Common Cold, Croup, Pneumonia, Bronchiolitis | [19] |
Parainfluenza Viruses (Types 1, 2) | Croup | [19] |
Respiratory Syncytial viruses | Pneumonia, Bronchiolitis | [20] |
Rhinoviruses | Common Cold | [21] |
Nanoparticle | Size (nm) | Virus | Antigen/Epitope | Adjuvant | Status | Route of Administration | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES | |||||||
Gold | 12 Influenza | M2e | CpG | Preclinical | IN | [88] | |
173 ± 2.4 | SARS-COV 2 | S | LPS, P:IC | Preclinical | SC | [145] | |
POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES | |||||||
PLGA | 225.4 | Bovine parainfluenza 3 virus | BPI3V proteins | - | Preclinical | IN | [121] |
200–300 | Swine influenza virus (H1N2) | Inactivated virus H1N2 antigen | - | Preclinical | IN | ||
γ-PGA (Poly-glutamic acid) | 100–200 | Influenza (H1N1) | HA | - | Preclinical | IN | [123] |
Chitosan | 140 | Influenza (H1N1) | H1N1 antigen | - | Preclinical | IN | [125] |
300–350 | Influenza (H1N1) | HA-Split | - | Preclinical | IM | [162] | |
571.7 | Swine influenza virus (H1N2) | Killed swine influenza antigen | - | Preclinical | IN | [124] | |
200–250 | Influenza (H1N1) | M2e | Heat shock protein 70C | Preclinical | IN | [164] | |
125 | SARS-COV2 | S | - | Preclinical | IN | [163] | |
HPMA/NIPAM | 12–25 | RSV | F protein | TLR-7/8 agonist | Preclinical | IN | [165] |
Polyanhydride | 200–800 | RSV | F and G glycoproteins | - | Preclinical | IM | [126] |
SELF-ASSEMBLING PROTEINS AND PEPTIDE-BASED NANOPARTICLES | |||||||
N nucleocapside protein of RSV | 15 | RSV | RSV phosphoprotein | R192G | Preclinical | IM | [166] |
15 | RSV | FsII | MontanideTM Gel 01 | Phase I | IM | [167] | |
15 | Influenza (H1N1) | M2e | MontanideTM Gel 01 | Phase I,II | IN | [168] | |
Ferritin | 12.5 | Influenza (H1N1) | M2e | - | PhaseII | IN | [169] |
Q11 | - | Influenza (H1N1) | Acid polymerase | - | PhaseI,II | IN | [169] |
S2G-HR2-RBD | SARS-COV 2 | RBD-S | PhaseII | IM | [151] | ||
RBD-153-50 | 50.67±0.11 | SARS-COV 2 | RBD | PhaseII | IM | [152] | |
LuS *-S-F ** | 50 | SARS-COV 2 | S-LuS-F | SAS *** | PhaseII | IN | [170] |
OTHERS | |||||||
VLP | 80–120 | Influenza (H1N1) | HA | - | Preclinical | IM | [171] |
80–120 | Influenza (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 | M2e | - | Preclinical | IM | [159] | |
80–120 | RSV | F protein and G glycoprotein of RSV and M1 protein of Influenza | - | Preclinical | IM | [172] | |
100 | SARS-COV 2 | M-N-S-E | - | Preclinical | IN | [158] | |
100 | SARS-COV 2 | M-S-E | - | Preclinical | IM | [160] | |
ISCOM (Quillaia saponin, cholesterol, phospholipid, and associated antigen) | 40 | Influenza (H1N1) | HA | ISCOMATRIX | Preclinical | IN | [173,174] |
DLPC liposomes (Dilauroylphosphatidylcholine) | 30–100 | Influenza (H1N1) | M2, HA, NP | MPL and trehalose 6,6′ dimycolate | Preclinical | IN | [175] |
Surface-linked liposomal peptide | - | Vaccinia virus | SARS-CoV N epitopes | - | Preclinical | IM | [176] |
Cationic lipid/DNA complex | - | Influenza (H1N1) | whole inactivated IAV vaccine (H1N1, H3N2) | cationic lipid/DNA complex | Preclinical | IM | [177] |
Type of Nanoparticle | Main Material | Size (nm) | Target Respiratory Virus | Antigen/Epitope | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polymeric | PLGA | 225 | Bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPI3V) | BPI3V proteins | [121] |
PLGA | 200–300 | Swine influenza virus (H1N2) | Inactivated virus H1N2 antigen | [122] | |
γ-PGA | 100–200 | Influenza (H1N1) | Hemagglutinin | [123] | |
Chitosan | 140 | Influenza (H1N1) | H1N1 antigen | [125] | |
Chitosan | 300–350 | Influenza (H1N1) | HA-Split | [162] | |
Chitosan | 572 | Swine influenza virus (H1N2) | Killed swine influenza antigen | [124] | |
Chitosan | 200–250 | Influenza (H1N1) | M2e peptide | [164] | |
HPMA/NIPAM | 12–25 | RSV | F protein | [165] | |
PEG | 40–500 | RSV | F protein | [202] | |
SA-CPH copolymer | 348–397 | RSV | Eα peptide | [208] | |
CPH-CPTEG copolymer | - | RSV | F and G glycoproteins | [126] | |
Self-assembled proteins and peptides (SANP) | Nucleocapsid (N) protein of RSV | 15 | RSV | RSV phosphoprotein | [167] |
Nucleocapsid (N) protein of RSV | 15 | RSV | FsII epitope | [167] | |
Nucleocapsid (N) protein of RSV | 15 | Influenza (H1N1) | M2e peptide | [168] | |
Ferritin | 12.5 | Influenza (H1N1) | M2e peptide | [169] | |
Influenza acid polymerase and the Q11 self-assembly domain | - | Influenza (H1N1) | Acid polymerase | [176] | |
Inorganic | gold | 12 | Influenza (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1) | M2e peptide | [88] |
VLP | - | - | Influenza (H1N1) | Hemagglutinin | [143] |
- | 80–120 | Influenza (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1) | M2e5x peptide | [159] | |
- | 60–80 | RSV | F protein et G glycoprotein of RSV and M1 protein of Influenza | [171] | |
Liposome | DLPC | 30–100 | Influenza (H1N1) | M2, HA, NP | [175] |
Liposome, Polymer | 10:1:1:1 of DPPC, DPPG, Cholesterol (Chol), and DPPE-PEG2000 | 89 | SARS-COV 2 | S+ STING agonist | [209] |
LNP | ChAdenovirus (S) | - | SARS-COV 2 | ChAd-S | [207] |
Candidate Vaccine | Characteristics | Nano-Composition | Developer-Country | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
mRNA-1273 | mRNA vaccine encoding S protein | SM-102, PEG2000, Tromethamine, | Moderna/USA | FDA- EMA Approved |
BNT162b2 | mRNA vaccine encoding S protein | ALC-0315, ALC-0159, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | Pfizer-BioNtech/USA-Germany | FDA-EMA Approved |
Ad5-nCoV | Adenovirus type 5 vector that expresses S protein | LNP | CanSino Biologicals/China | China-Approved |
AZD1222 (Covishield) | ChAdOx1-S | AstraZenca/UK-Sweden | FDA-EMA Approved | |
Ad26.COV2. S | Adenovirus type 26 vector that expresses S protein | Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) | FDA-Approved | |
INO-4800 | DNA plasmid encoding S protein delivered by electroporation | Inovio Pharmaceuticals | Phase I (NCT04336410) | |
LV-SMENP-DC | DCs modified with a lentiviral vector expressing synthetic minigene based on domains of selected viral proteins; administered with antigen specific CTLs | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute | Phase I (NCT04276896) | |
Pathogen-specific aAPC | aAPCs modified with a lentiviral vector expressing synthetic minigene based on domains of selected viral proteins | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute | Phase I (NCT04299724) |
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Seyfoori, A.; Shokrollahi Barough, M.; Mokarram, P.; Ahmadi, M.; Mehrbod, P.; Sheidary, A.; Madrakian, T.; Kiumarsi, M.; Walsh, T.; McAlinden, K.D.; et al. Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6937. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136937
Seyfoori A, Shokrollahi Barough M, Mokarram P, Ahmadi M, Mehrbod P, Sheidary A, Madrakian T, Kiumarsi M, Walsh T, McAlinden KD, et al. Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(13):6937. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136937
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeyfoori, Amir, Mahdieh Shokrollahi Barough, Pooneh Mokarram, Mazaher Ahmadi, Parvaneh Mehrbod, Alireza Sheidary, Tayyebeh Madrakian, Mohammad Kiumarsi, Tavia Walsh, Kielan D. McAlinden, and et al. 2021. "Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13: 6937. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136937