Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Regulatory Networks during the Maize Ear Shank Elongation Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phenotype Analysis of Maize Ear Shanks at Different Developing Stages
2.2. Temporal Expression Patterns of Genes
2.3. Functional Classification of DEGs
2.4. DEGs Involved in the Plant Hormone Signal Transduction Pathway
2.5. DEGs Involved in the Xyloglucan Metabolic Process and Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferase Activity
2.6. DEGs Involved in Steroid Biosynthetic Process
2.7. Expression of TFs Involved in the Phytohormone Response Factor
2.8. Validation of DEGs by qRT-PCR
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Method
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. RNA Extraction and Library Preparation
4.3. Preprocessing of RNA-Seq Data
4.4. Identification of DEGs and Functional Classification
4.5. Real-Time PCR Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABA | Abscisic acid |
ARF | Auxin response factor |
BR | Brassinosteroids |
CTK | Cytokinin |
DEGs | Differentially expressed genes |
ERF | Ethylene responsive factor |
ETH | Ethylene |
FDR | False discovery rate |
FPKM | Fragments per kilobase of transcript per million reads |
GO | Gene ontology |
GER | Gibberellin ear rot |
GRF | Gibberellin response factor |
IAA | Auxin |
JA | Jasmonic acid |
KEGG | Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes |
KO | Ent-kaurene oxidase |
qRT-PCR | Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction |
QTL | Quantitative trait locus |
SA | Salicylic acid |
TFs | Transcription factors |
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GO ID | GO Term | Gene Number | p-Value | FDR |
---|---|---|---|---|
GO:0016798 | hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds | 157 | 6.00 × 10−10 | 3.95 × 10−7 |
GO:0004672 | protein kinase activity | 436 | 1.10 × 10−9 | 3.95 × 10−7 |
GO:0006468 | protein phosphorylation | 441 | 8.92 × 10−9 | 1.13 × 10−5 |
GO:0004553 | hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds | 143 | 9.34 × 10−9 | 2.23 × 10−6 |
GO:0015979 | photosynthesis | 57 | 1.99 × 10−8 | 1.26 × 10−5 |
GO:0008017 | microtubule binding | 50 | 4.64 × 10−8 | 8.32 × 10−6 |
GO:0015631 | tubulin binding | 50 | 6.95 × 10−8 | 9.64 × 10−6 |
GO:0016773 | phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor | 463 | 8.06 × 10−8 | 9.64 × 10−6 |
GO:0007017 | microtubule-based process | 78 | 1.54 × 10−7 | 6.46 × 10−5 |
GO:0015630 | microtubule cytoskeleton | 65 | 2.36 × 10−7 | 2.05 × 10−5 |
GO:0009579 | protein complex binding | 50 | 3.19 × 10−7 | 3.27 × 10−5 |
GO:0044436 | thylakoid part | 35 | 3.20 × 10−7 | 2.05 × 10−5 |
GO:0032403 | thylakoid | 35 | 3.20 × 10−7 | 2.05 × 10−5 |
GO:0005871 | kinesin complex | 40 | 4.11 × 10−7 | 2.05 × 10−5 |
GO:0034357 | photosynthetic membrane | 34 | 4.41 × 10−7 | 2.05 × 10−5 |
GO:0009521 | photosystem | 33 | 6.06 × 10−7 | 2.35 × 10−5 |
GO:0005875 | microtubule associated complex | 44 | 1.25 × 10−6 | 4.15 × 10−5 |
GO:0016301 | kinase activity | 461 | 1.29 × 10−6 | 1.16 × 10−4 |
GO:0016310 | phosphorylation | 459 | 1.52 × 10−6 | 4.80 × 10−4 |
GO:0043228 | intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle | 257 | 2.34 × 10−6 | 6.07 × 10−5 |
Pathway ID | Pathway | Out (1257) | All (4604) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
ko03010 | Ribosome | 151 | 375 | 9.38 × 10−9 |
ko01110 | Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites | 341 | 1023 | 7.80 × 10−7 |
ko00062 | Fatty acid elongation | 25 | 39 | 1.56 × 10−6 |
ko01100 | Metabolic pathways | 565 | 1819 | 2.38 × 10−6 |
ko00061 | Fatty acid biosynthesis | 23 | 39 | 3.01 × 10−5 |
ko00195 | Photosynthesis | 37 | 76 | 5.09 × 10−5 |
ko00196 | Photosynthesis—antenna proteins | 16 | 24 | 6.30 × 10−5 |
ko01212 | Fatty acid metabolism | 31 | 61 | 7.37 × 10−5 |
ko04626 | Plant–pathogen interaction | 126 | 348 | 9.81 × 10−5 |
ko00520 | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | 49 | 116 | 3.14 × 10−4 |
ko04075 | Plant hormone signal transduction | 96 | 263 | 4.93 × 10−4 |
ko00940 | Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis | 72 | 190 | 7.54 × 10−4 |
ko00360 | Phenylalanine metabolism | 20 | 39 | 1.21 × 10−3 |
ko00941 | Flavonoid biosynthesis | 16 | 29 | 1.36 × 10−3 |
ko00130 | Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis | 19 | 37 | 1.56 × 10−3 |
ko00591 | Linoleic acid metabolism | 9 | 13 | 1.94 × 10−3 |
ko03410 | Base excision repair | 16 | 34 | 1.06 × 10−2 |
ko00250 | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | 19 | 45 | 2.14 × 10−2 |
ko00780 | Biotin metabolism | 7 | 13 | 3.85 × 10−2 |
ko00760 | Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism | 8 | 16 | 4.44 × 10−2 |
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Xiong, C.-Y.; Gong, Q.-Y.; Pei, H.; Liao, C.-J.; Yang, R.-C.; Li, G.-K.; Huang, J. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Regulatory Networks during the Maize Ear Shank Elongation Process. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7029. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137029
Xiong C-Y, Gong Q-Y, Pei H, Liao C-J, Yang R-C, Li G-K, Huang J. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Regulatory Networks during the Maize Ear Shank Elongation Process. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(13):7029. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137029
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiong, Cai-Yun, Qing-You Gong, Hu Pei, Chang-Jian Liao, Rui-Chun Yang, Gao-Ke Li, and Jun Huang. 2021. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Regulatory Networks during the Maize Ear Shank Elongation Process" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13: 7029. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137029