The Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway as a Therapeutic Target after Cartilage Trauma: Modification of Chondrocyte Survival and Metabolism by Glucosamine Derivatives and PUGNAc in an Ex Vivo Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Gene Expression of HBP-Related Enzymes Is Altered after Cartilage Trauma and in Highly Degenerated Tissue
2.2. GlcNAc and PUGNAc Exert Cell Protective Effects after Cartilage Trauma
2.3. While PUGNAc Revealed Chondroanabolic Effects, Glucosamine Derivatives GlcNAc and GS Suppressed Type II Collagen Synthesis after Cartilage Trauma
2.4. Trauma-Induced Expression of MMPs and Subsequent Type II Collagen Degradation Are Markedly Decreased after Treatment with Glucosamines or PUGNAc
2.5. Trauma-Induced Expression of Aggrecanases and Subsequent Aggrecan Degradation Are Largely Decreased after Treatment with Glucosamines or PUGNAc
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Specimen Preparation and Cultivation Conditions
4.2. Impact Loading and Subsequent Treatment
4.3. Live/Dead Cell Cytotoxicity Assay
4.4. mRNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis
4.5. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
4.6. Culture Media Analysis by Means of Commercial ELISA Kits
4.7. Gelatin Zymography
4.8. Safranin-O Staining
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Riegger, J.; Baumert, J.; Zaucke, F.; Brenner, R.E. The Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway as a Therapeutic Target after Cartilage Trauma: Modification of Chondrocyte Survival and Metabolism by Glucosamine Derivatives and PUGNAc in an Ex Vivo Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147247
Riegger J, Baumert J, Zaucke F, Brenner RE. The Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway as a Therapeutic Target after Cartilage Trauma: Modification of Chondrocyte Survival and Metabolism by Glucosamine Derivatives and PUGNAc in an Ex Vivo Model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(14):7247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147247
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiegger, Jana, Julia Baumert, Frank Zaucke, and Rolf E. Brenner. 2021. "The Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway as a Therapeutic Target after Cartilage Trauma: Modification of Chondrocyte Survival and Metabolism by Glucosamine Derivatives and PUGNAc in an Ex Vivo Model" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14: 7247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147247