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Volume 22
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Review

TGF-β Signaling: From Tissue Fibrosis to Tumor Microenvironment

by
Jeff Yat-Fai Chung
1,†,
Max Kam-Kwan Chan
1,†,
Jane Siu-Fan Li
1,†,
Alex Siu-Wing Chan
2,
Philip Chiu-Tsun Tang
1,
Kam-Tong Leung
3,
Ka-Fai To
1,
Hui-Yao Lan
4 and
Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
1,*
1
Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
2
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
3
Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
4
Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(14), 7575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147575
Submission received: 24 May 2021 / Revised: 9 July 2021 / Accepted: 9 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Medical Genetics)
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Abstract

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling triggers diverse biological actions in inflammatory diseases. In tissue fibrosis, it acts as a key pathogenic regulator for promoting immunoregulation via controlling the activation, proliferation, and apoptosis of immunocytes. In cancer, it plays a critical role in tumor microenvironment (TME) for accelerating invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. Increasing evidence suggest a pleiotropic nature of TGF-β signaling as a critical pathway for generating fibrotic TME, which contains numerous cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix proteins, and remodeling enzymes. Its pathogenic roles and working mechanisms in tumorigenesis are still largely unclear. Importantly, recent studies successfully demonstrated the clinical implications of fibrotic TME in cancer. This review systematically summarized the latest updates and discoveries of TGF-β signaling in the fibrotic TME.
Keywords: TGF-β; tumor microenvironment; fibrosis TGF-β; tumor microenvironment; fibrosis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chung, J.Y.-F.; Chan, M.K.-K.; Li, J.S.-F.; Chan, A.S.-W.; Tang, P.C.-T.; Leung, K.-T.; To, K.-F.; Lan, H.-Y.; Tang, P.M.-K. TGF-β Signaling: From Tissue Fibrosis to Tumor Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147575

AMA Style

Chung JY-F, Chan MK-K, Li JS-F, Chan AS-W, Tang PC-T, Leung K-T, To K-F, Lan H-Y, Tang PM-K. TGF-β Signaling: From Tissue Fibrosis to Tumor Microenvironment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(14):7575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147575

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chung, Jeff Yat-Fai, Max Kam-Kwan Chan, Jane Siu-Fan Li, Alex Siu-Wing Chan, Philip Chiu-Tsun Tang, Kam-Tong Leung, Ka-Fai To, Hui-Yao Lan, and Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang. 2021. "TGF-β Signaling: From Tissue Fibrosis to Tumor Microenvironment" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14: 7575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147575

APA Style

Chung, J. Y.-F., Chan, M. K.-K., Li, J. S.-F., Chan, A. S.-W., Tang, P. C.-T., Leung, K.-T., To, K.-F., Lan, H.-Y., & Tang, P. M.-K. (2021). TGF-β Signaling: From Tissue Fibrosis to Tumor Microenvironment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(14), 7575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147575

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