Exosomes as New Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases: Current Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Exosomes Biology
2.1. Formation, Structure and Circulation
2.2. Exosomes: Biogenesis and Cellular Absorption
2.3. Exosomes Classification
3. Involvement of Exosomes in Disease Immunopathology
3.1. Exosomes and Tumor Environment
3.2. Exosomes and Digestive Environment
3.3. Exosomes and Cardiovascular Diseases
3.4. Exosomes and Glioblastoma
3.5. Exosomes, the Endocrine System and Cancer
3.6. Exosomes and the Urinary System
3.7. Exosomes in Metabolic Diseases
3.8. Exosomes in Viral Pathogenesis
3.9. Exosomes in Transplantation
3.10. Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Vesicles
4. Exosomes as a Means of Drug Delivery
4.1. Exosomes and Chemical Synthesis
4.2. Exosomes and Peptidomes
4.2.1. Protein
4.2.2. Nucleic Acids
4.2.3. Lipids
4.3. Exosomes and Natural Medicine Monomers
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Tumor | Source | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Colorectal cancer (CRC) | Serum and plasma | MiR-486-5p promotes the proliferation and migration of CRC cells by activating the signal pathways of pleomorphic adenomatoid gene 2 (PLAGL2), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and β-catenin in vivo and in vitro. | [74] |
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas | Plasma | Downregulate CD69 expression on effector T cells to inhibit antitumor response | [75] |
Prostate cancer | Tumor tissue | Suppress the function of T cells in the draining lymph node and block anti-PD-L1 antibodies | [66] |
Melanoma | Plasma | Suppress the function of CD8 + T cells and cause failure of anti-PD-1 therapy | [69] |
Disease | Exosomal miRNAs | Target or Pathway | References |
---|---|---|---|
Acute myeloid leukemia | Exosomes with MICA/B (MHC I chain-related proteins A and B) | By downregulating NKG2D receptor expression | [116] |
Brain cancer | Brain endothelial cells | Rhodamine 123, PTX, DOX | [117] |
Breast cancer | MiR-365 in macrophage-derived exosomes | The triphospho-nucleotide pool, the enzyme cytidine deaminase | [118] |
Leukemia | MiR-210 | CD107a | [119] |
Lung cancer | MiR-494 | Suppresses PTEN (PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten), it is located at 10q23.3 and the transcriptional product is 515 kb mRNA). | [120] |
Colorectal cancer | MiR-31-5p in (tumor-derived exosomes) TDEs | LATS2 | [121] |
Nasopharyngeal cancer | MiR-24-3p | ND | [122] |
Esophageal cancer | MiR-21 in TDEs | PDCD4 | [123] |
Head and neck cancer | MiR-196a in cancer associate fibroblasts (CAF)- derived exosomes | CDKN1B and ING5 | [124] |
Pancreatic cancer | MiR-106b in CAFs-derived exosomes | TP53INP1 | [125] |
Virus | Source | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Avian influenza (H5N1) | miR-483-3P | Increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells | [136] |
HIV | Nef | Susceptibility to infection and apoptosis of CD4 cells | [134,137] |
KSHV | miRNA and others | IL6 production and cellular metabolism | [129] |
Coronavirus | CD9 | Proviral | [138] |
EV-A71 | Viral protein and nucleic acid | Virus spread | [139] |
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Liu, Q.; Li, S.; Dupuy, A.; Mai, H.l.; Sailliet, N.; Logé, C.; Robert, J.-M.H.; Brouard, S. Exosomes as New Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases: Current Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157763
Liu Q, Li S, Dupuy A, Mai Hl, Sailliet N, Logé C, Robert J-MH, Brouard S. Exosomes as New Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases: Current Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(15):7763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157763
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Qi, Shiying Li, Amandine Dupuy, Hoa le Mai, Nicolas Sailliet, Cédric Logé, J.-Michel H. Robert, and Sophie Brouard. 2021. "Exosomes as New Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases: Current Perspectives" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15: 7763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157763