Perspective of the Relationship between the Susceptibility to Initial SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Optimal Nasal Conditioning of Inhaled Air
Abstract
:1. Background to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
2. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Upper Respiratory Tract
3. Physiological Importance of the Nasal Conditioning of Inspired Air
4. Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in the Upper Respiratory Tract in Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
5. Humidity of Inspired Air and Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
6. Temperature of Inspired Air and Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
7. Nasal Air Conditioning and Genetic Differences in Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
8. Differences in Nasal Air Conditioning and the Age and Gender Differences in Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
9. Other Factors Influencing Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
10. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Induction | Effector Cell or Molecule | Effector Mechanism |
---|---|---|
- | Naturally occurring mucins, defensins and collectins | Bind virion and prevent cell binding and entry |
Altered surface of the virion and virus-infected cells | Complement | Activation through the alternate or lectin pathway to promote lysis and opsonisation, inflammation |
Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) | Type 1 (α,β) and Type 3 (λ) interferons (IFNs) | Induction of anti-viral state in infected and neighbouring cells through inhibition of protein synthesis and mRNA degradation. Activation of phagocytic cells and dendritic cells |
PRR | Inflammasome in macrophages and dendritic cells | Production of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF that promote an inflammatory response in tissue, fever and the synthesis of acute phase proteins |
PRR | Macrophage and dendritic cell synthesis of IL-12, IL-18 | Activation of NK cells to lyse virus infected cells and enhancement of adaptive immune response |
Stress molecules expressed by infected cells | γδT cells secreting Type 2 IFNγ | Activation of NK cells, phagocytes, dendritic cells and the adaptive immune response |
Effector Molecule or Cell | Mechanism of Action |
---|---|
Secreted IgA antibodies in mucus | Prevention of virion binding to epithelial cells by agglutination and neutralization of virions |
IgG and IgM antibodies in mucosa and blood, including anti-A and anti-B blood group antibodies | Prevention of virion binding to host cells through agglutination and neutralization, activation of complement through the classical pathway, promoting opsonisation and phagocytosis, assisting NK cell killing through Fcγ receptors |
CD4+ TH lymphocytes | Activation of B cells, promoting immunoglobulin class switching and affinity maturation, secretion of cytokines like IFNγ that activate phagocytes and NK cells and upregulate major histocompatibility complex molecules. |
CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes | Apoptosis of virus-infected cells by granzyme, perforin, etc. |
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Ramasamy, R. Perspective of the Relationship between the Susceptibility to Initial SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Optimal Nasal Conditioning of Inhaled Air. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157919
Ramasamy R. Perspective of the Relationship between the Susceptibility to Initial SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Optimal Nasal Conditioning of Inhaled Air. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(15):7919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157919
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamasamy, Ranjan. 2021. "Perspective of the Relationship between the Susceptibility to Initial SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Optimal Nasal Conditioning of Inhaled Air" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15: 7919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157919