Differential Effects of 17,18-EEQ and 19,20-EDP Combined with Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor t-TUCB on Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. 17,18-EEQ or 19,20-EDP Combined with t-TUCB Differentially Affected Bodyweight in Diet-Induced Obesity
2.2. 17,18-EEQ or 19,20-EDP Combined with t-TUCB Improved Fasting Glucose and Serum TG Levels in Diet-Induced Obesity
2.3. 17,18-EEQ or 19,20-EDP Combined with t-TUCB Increased Thermogenesis in Diet-Induced Obesity
2.4. 17,18-EEQ or 19,20-EDP Combined with t-TUCB Decreased Lipid Accumulation and Regulated Protein Expression of Thermogenic Genes in the iBAT of Diet-Induced Obesity
2.5. 17,18-EEQ or 19,20-EDP Combined with t-TUCB Regulated Protein Expression of Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism in the iBAT of Diet-Induced Obesity
2.6. 17,18-EEQ or 19,20-EDP Combined with t-TUCB Decreased Inflammatory Response in the iBAT of Diet-Induced Obesity
3. Discussion
3.1. 17,18-EEQ and 19,20-EDP Contribute to the Beneficial Effects of EPA and Fish Oil
3.2. 17,18-EEQ Is More Potent in Increasing Thermogenesis and Improving Metabolism in Diet-Induced Obesity
3.3. Both 17,18-EEQ or 19,20-EDP Suppress NFκB Activation in the BAT of Diet-Induced Obesity
3.4. Limitations
3.5. Summary
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Animal Study
4.3. Blood Biochemical Analysis
4.4. Western Blot Analysis
4.5. BAT Lipid Accumulation and sWAT Adipocyte Area Determination
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ATGL | adipose triglyceride lipase |
BAT | brown adipose tissue |
CD36 | cluster of differentiation 36 |
CPT1 | carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 |
CYP450 | cytochrome P-450 |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
EDP | epoxydocosapentaenoic acid |
EEQ | epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
EpFA | epoxy fatty acids |
ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinases |
FABP4 | Fatty acids bind protein 4 |
FAO | Fatty acid oxidation |
GTT | glucose tolerance test |
HEPE | hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid |
HSL | hormone sensitive lipase |
IκBα | nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha |
ITT | insulin tolerance test |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal Kinase |
LPL | lipoprotein lipase |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
NEFA | non-esterified fatty acids |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa B |
PGC1α | peroxisome proliferator activator receptor coactivator 1-α |
PLIN | perilipin |
sEH | soluble epoxide hydrolase |
TG | triglyceride |
TC | total cholesterol |
t-TUCB | trans-4-{4-[3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-cyclohexyloxy-benzoic acid |
UCP1 | uncoupling protein 1 |
WAT | white adipose tissue |
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Antibodies | Company | Catalog Number |
---|---|---|
Anti-ATGL | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 2439 |
Anti-CD36 | Novus Biologicals (Centennial, CO, USA) | NB400-144 |
Anti-CPT1A | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 12252S |
Anti-CPT1B | Proteintech North America (Rosemont, IL, USA) | 22170-1-AP |
Anti-ERK1/2 | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 4695 |
Anti-FABP4 | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 2120S |
Anti-IκBα | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 9242S |
Anti-JNK | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 9252S |
Anti-LPL | Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA) | SC-373759 |
Anti-PGC1α | Millipore (Temecula, CA, USA) | AB3242 |
Anti-phospho-ERK(T202/Y204) | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 4370S |
Anti-phospho-IκBα | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 2859S |
Anti-phospho-JNK(T183/Y185) | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 9251S |
Anti-phospho-PLIN (S517) | Vala Sciences (San Diego, CA, USA) | 4856 |
Anti-UCP1 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | U6382 |
Lipolysis Activation Antibody Sampler Kit (Antibodies for phospho-HSL (Ser 563, Ser 565, and Ser 660), HSL, and PLIN) | Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA) | 8334 |
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Yang, Y.; Xu, X.; Wu, H.; Yang, J.; Chen, J.; Morisseau, C.; Hammock, B.D.; Bettaieb, A.; Zhao, L. Differential Effects of 17,18-EEQ and 19,20-EDP Combined with Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor t-TUCB on Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158267
Yang Y, Xu X, Wu H, Yang J, Chen J, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Bettaieb A, Zhao L. Differential Effects of 17,18-EEQ and 19,20-EDP Combined with Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor t-TUCB on Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(15):8267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158267
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yang, Xinyun Xu, Haoying Wu, Jun Yang, Jiangang Chen, Christophe Morisseau, Bruce D. Hammock, Ahmed Bettaieb, and Ling Zhao. 2021. "Differential Effects of 17,18-EEQ and 19,20-EDP Combined with Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor t-TUCB on Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15: 8267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158267