The Role of Mitochondrial Function in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Insights from Translational Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Do Mitochondria Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Myopathy in PAD?
3. Effects of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury on Muscle Mitochondria
4. Methods to Assess Mitochondrial Function in PAD
4.1. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
4.2. 31-Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P MRS)
4.3. Respirometry
Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species Production
5. Surrogate Markers to Evaluate Mitochondrial Content in PAD
6. Clinical Relevance of Mitochondrial Recovery in PAD
7. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Methods | PAD Severity | Outcome/Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|
Zatina et al. 1986 [19] | 31P MRS before and after revascularization; | Not specified; | 31P MRS successfully measures impaired bioenergetics of ischemic limbs during exercise and recovery; |
Pipinos et al. 2000 [20] | 31P MRS before and after isometric exercise; | Stage IIB PAD; | ↑phosphocreatine and ADP recovery time constants in claudicating calf muscle; |
Pipinos et al. 2002 [51] | 31P MRS before and after 12 weeks of interval exercise training; | Stage IIB PAD; | Pentoxifilline improves mitochondriopathy of claudicating muscle; |
Pipinos et al. 2002 [21] | In-vitro respirometry; | Advanced PAD; | ↓mitochondrial respiration in patients suffering from advanced PAD; |
Greiner et al. 2006 [18] | Serial 31P MRS during incremental exercise; | Symptomatic unilateral PAD; | ↑PCr recovery time after unilateral exercise in claudicating calf muscle; |
Pipinos et al. 2006 [22] | Enzymatic activity measurement, in-vitro respirometry; | Severe PAD; | ↓mitochondrial respiration and enzymatic activities of complexes I, III, and IV in PAD; ↑oxidative stress biomarkers, ↓antioxidative enzymes; |
Van Schaardenburgh et al. [57] | In-vitro respirometry; | Stage IIB PAD; | Changes in walking performances relate to changes in mitochondrial function after exercise; |
Gratl et al. 2020 [58] | In-vitro respirometry; | Stage IIB/III PAD | Mitochondrial recovery after successful revascularization; |
Gratl et al. 2021 [59] | In-vitro respirometry; | Stage IIB/III PAD | Restoration of blood supply is more important to mitochondrial recovery than increased physical activity |
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Gratl, A.; Wipper, S.; Frese, J.P.; Raude, B.; Greiner, A.; Pesta, D. The Role of Mitochondrial Function in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Insights from Translational Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168478
Gratl A, Wipper S, Frese JP, Raude B, Greiner A, Pesta D. The Role of Mitochondrial Function in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Insights from Translational Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(16):8478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168478
Chicago/Turabian StyleGratl, Alexandra, Sabine Wipper, Jan Paul Frese, Ben Raude, Andreas Greiner, and Dominik Pesta. 2021. "The Role of Mitochondrial Function in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Insights from Translational Studies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 8478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168478