The Role of lncRNAs in Rare Tumors with a Focus on HOX Transcript Antisense RNA (HOTAIR)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. LncRNAs in Rare Tumors
LncRNAs | Tumor Type | Expression | References |
---|---|---|---|
AOC4P | GIST | upregulation | [28] |
ADAMTS9-AS2 | SACC | upregulation | [29] |
AFAP1-AS1 | NPC | upregulation | [30] |
ATB | LSCC | upregulation | [26] |
BCAR4 | Osteosarcoma | upregulation | [31] |
CCDC26 | GIST | upregulation | [32,33] |
DNM3OS | GIST | upregulation | [34] |
EWSAT1 | Ewing’s sarcoma | upregulation | [35] |
H19 | LSCC | upregulation | [18] |
NPC | upregulation | [36] | |
NEN | upregulation | [37] | |
GIST | upregulation | [28] | |
Glioblastoma | upregulation | [38,39] | |
HNF1A-AS | NPC | upregulation | [36] |
Osteosarcoma | upregulation | [40] | |
HOTTIP | Osteosarcoma | upregulation | [41] |
HOXA11-AS | LSCC | upregulation | [25] |
NPC | upregulation | [42,43] | |
KCNQ1OT1 | NPC | upregulation | [44] |
LINC00668 | LSCC | upregulation | [23] |
LINC02154 | LSCC | upregulation | [27] |
MAGI2-AS3 | NPC | upregulation | [45] |
MALAT1 | Osteosarcoma | upregulation | [46] |
GEP-NEN | upregulation | [47] | |
GIST | upregulation | [48] | |
Glioblastoma | upregulation | [49,50,51,52,53] | |
MINCR | NPC | upregulation | [54] |
MRPL23-AS1 | SACC | upregulation | [55] |
NEAT1 | LSCC | upregulation | [21] |
Glioblastoma | upregulation | [56] | |
NONHSAT154433.1 | MEC | upregulation | [57] |
OIP5-AS1 | NPC | upregulation | [58] |
PCA3 | Pulmonary NEN | upregulation | [59] |
PCAT19 | LSCC | upregulation | [22] |
PILRLS | Liposarcoma | upregulation | [60] |
SNHG8 | NPC | upregulation | [61] |
SNHG15 | NPC | upregulation | [62] |
TP73-AS1 | NPC | upregulation | [63] |
TUG1 | LSCC | upregulation | [24] |
Osteosarcoma | upregulation | [64] | |
TUSC7 | Glioblastoma | upregulation | [65] |
UCA1 | LSCC | upregulation | [19] |
Osteosarcoma | upregulation | [66] | |
LET | NPC | downregulation | [67] |
MEG3 | Osteosarcoma | downregulation | [68] |
Pulmonary NEN | downregulation | [59] | |
TUS7 | Osteosarcoma | downregulation | [68,69] |
3. HOTAIR and Its Role in Human Cancers
4. The Role of HOTAIR in Rare Tumors
4.1. Head and Neck Cancers
4.2. Neuroendocrine Tumors
4.3. Rare Digestive System Tumors
4.4. Central Nervous System Tumors
4.5. Soft Tissue Tumors
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HOTAIR | HOX transcript antisense RNA |
EMT | Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition |
LSCC | Laryngeal tumors are squamous cell carcinomas |
DNMT | DNA methyltransferase enzyme |
UCA1 | Urothelial Cancer Associated 1 |
NEAT1 | Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript1 |
PCAT19 | Protocadherin 19 |
TUG1 | Taurine-upregulated gene 1 |
HOXA11-AS | HOXA11 antisense RNA |
MNX1 | Motor Neuron And Pancreas Homeobox 1)-AS1 |
NPC | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
AFAP1-AS1 | Actin filament-associated protein 1 antisense RNA1 () |
LET | Low Expression in Tumor |
SGC | Salivary gland cancer |
ADAMTS9AS2 | ADAM metallopeptidase thrombospondin type 1, 9 antisense RNA 2 |
SACC | Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma |
MRPL23-AS1 | MRPL23 antisense RNA 1 |
MEC | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma |
OS | osteosarcoma |
MALAT1 | Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 |
HNF1A | HNF1 Homeobox A-AS1 |
BCAR4 | Breast Cancer Anti-Estrogen Resistance 4 |
HULC | Highly upregulated in liver cancer RNA |
HOTTIP | HOXA Distal Transcript Antisense RNA |
MEG3 | Maternally expressed 3 |
EWS-AT1 | EWS RNA Binding Protein 1 |
PILRLS | Proliferation Interacting LncRNA in Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma |
NEN | Neuroendocrine neoplasm |
ISH | In situ hybridization |
VGF | VGF Nerve Growth Factor Inducible |
PCA3 | Prostate cancer antigen 3 |
GISTs | Gastrointestinal stromal tumors |
TGF-β | Transforming growth factor-beta |
ZEB1 | Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 |
FENDRR | FOXF1 Adjacent Non-Coding Developmental Regulatory RNA |
CCDC26 | Coiled-coil domain-containing 26 |
GLUT4 | Glucose transporter member 4 |
TMZ | Temozolomide |
NKD1 | NKD Inhibitor of WNT Signaling Pathway 1 |
TUSC7 | Tumor Suppressor Candidate 7 |
PRC2 | Polycomb repressive complex |
LSD1 | Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A |
MRE | miRNA recognition element |
EZH2 | Zeste homolog 2 |
HCG4 | HLA Complex Group 4 |
EMX2OS | EMX2 Opposite Strand/Antisense RNA |
MAGEA2 | Melanoma Antigen A2 gene |
E2F2 | Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 |
GRP78 | Glucose regulated protein 78 |
FASN | Fatty acid synthase |
COX-2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 |
TLR4 | Toll Like Receptor 4 |
STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
ATG12 | Autophagy-related gene 12 |
SDF-1 | Stromal cell-derived factor-1 |
GEP-NET | Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors |
REST | RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor |
PCDH10 | Protocadherin 10 |
DPP4 | Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 |
RASSF1 | Ras Association Domain Family Member 1 |
ALDH1A3 | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A3 |
ATG2B | Autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B |
BRD4 | Bromodomain Containing 4 |
SKA2 | Spindle And Kinetochore Associated Complex Subunit 2 |
ATRT | Teratoid rhabdoid tumors |
MPE | Myxopapillary ependymoma |
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Tumor Types | Clinical Studies | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Head and Neck rare cancers | LSCC | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with poor differentiation, pathological grade, metastatic risk and chemotherapy sensibility. HOTAIR is a circulating markers in LSCC patients. | [127,128] |
NPC | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with clinical stage and poor prognosis. | [129,130] | |
SACC | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with clinical stage, nerve invasion, metastatic risk and poor survival. | [131] | |
Neuroendocrine tumors | GEP NEN | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with tumor grade and tumor stage. | [47] |
Rare digestive system tumors | Cholangiocarcinoma | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with tumor size, TNM stage and metastatic risk. | [132] |
GIST | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with tumor grade, recurrence and metastatic risk, poor survival and drug resistance. | [133] | |
Central Nervous System tumors | Glioma/Glioblastoma | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with tumor grade, molecular subtype and poor prognosis. HOTAIR is a circulating markers in glioma patients. | [134,135] |
Soft tissue tumors | Osteosarcoma | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with advanced tumor stage, high histological grade and shorter overall survival. | [136] |
Chondrosarcoma | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with tumor grade and shorter overall survival. | [137] | |
Synovial sarcoma | HOTAIR overexpression correlates with histological grade, advanced tumor stage and metastatic risk. | [138] |
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Liguori, G.; Cerrone, M.; De Chiara, A.; Tafuto, S.; Tracey de Bellis, M.; Botti, G.; Di Bonito, M.; Cantile, M. The Role of lncRNAs in Rare Tumors with a Focus on HOX Transcript Antisense RNA (HOTAIR). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810160
Liguori G, Cerrone M, De Chiara A, Tafuto S, Tracey de Bellis M, Botti G, Di Bonito M, Cantile M. The Role of lncRNAs in Rare Tumors with a Focus on HOX Transcript Antisense RNA (HOTAIR). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(18):10160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810160
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiguori, Giuseppina, Margherita Cerrone, Annarosaria De Chiara, Salvatore Tafuto, Maura Tracey de Bellis, Gerardo Botti, Maurizio Di Bonito, and Monica Cantile. 2021. "The Role of lncRNAs in Rare Tumors with a Focus on HOX Transcript Antisense RNA (HOTAIR)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18: 10160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810160