Gut Microbiota and Dietary Factors as Modulators of the Mucus Layer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction to Inflammatory Bowel Disease
2. Gastrointestinal Barrier
2.1. Mucus Layer
2.2. Mucus Layer under Inflammatory Conditions
3. Gut Microbiota and the Mucus Layer in IBD
4. Dietary Compounds and the Mucus Layer in IBD
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Bacterial Strain | Animal Model | Experimental Administration | Study Period | Outcomes and Mechanisms of Action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 and L. paracasei CNCM I-3689 | DNBS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice | Intragastric administration with 1 × 109 CFU/mL | 10 days |
| [66] |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 | DNBS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice | Intragastric administration with 5 × 109 CFU/mL | 10 days |
| [73] |
Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC and Lactobacillus reuteri 4659 | DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice | Oral gavage with 1 × 108 live bacteria | 14 days |
| [74] |
Bacillus subtilis JNFE0126 | DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice | B. subtilis-fermented milk oral gavage (6 × 108 CFU/mL) | 21 days |
| [75] |
Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 | DSS-induced colitis in BALB/c mice | Intragastric administration with 1 × 109 CFU/mL | 17 days |
| [76] |
Bifidobacterium longum NCC 2705 | Western style diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice | Supplementation of the drinking water with 2 × 106 CFU/mL | 4 weeks |
| [77] |
Bifidobacterium dentium ATCC 27678 | Swiss Webster germfree mice | Oral gavage with 2 × 108 CFU/mL | 1–2 weeks |
| [69] |
Lactobacillus reuteri LR6 | Protein and energy malnutrition in Swiss mice | Diet with fermented product or bacterial suspension at 1 × 109 CFU/day | 1 week |
| [78] |
Akkermansia muciniphila MucT BAA-835 | Accelerated aging Ercc1-/Δ7 mice | Oral gavage with 2 × 108 CFU/200 µL | 10 weeks |
| [71] |
VSL#3 probiotic mixture | DSS-induced colitis in Muc2−/− mice | Oral gavage with 2.25 × 109 CFU/day | 2 weeks |
| [79] |
VSL#3 probiotic mixture | DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice | Oral gavage with 3 × 109 live bacteria | 60 days |
| [80] |
Lactobacillus johnsonii IDCC9203, Lactobacillus plantarum IDCC3501 and Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis IDCC4301 (ID-JPL934 probiotic mixture) | DSS-induced colitis in BALB/c mice | Oral gavage with probiotic mixture (1 × 106–1 × 109 CFU/day) | 8 days |
| [81] |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidumi | High fat diet-induced obesity in Swiss mice | Oral gavage with probiotic mixture (6 × 108 CFU of each strain; final concentration of 1.8 × 109 CFU of bacteria) | 5 weeks |
| [82] |
Food Group/Compounds | Animal Model | Experimental Administration | Study Period | Outcomes and Mechanisms of Action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proteins | |||||
Total proteins | Adult finishing pigs | Three study groups (16%, normal dietary protein concentration; 13%, low dietary protein concentration; 10%, extremely low dietary protein concentration) | 50 days |
| [94] |
Total proteins | Growing pigs | Three study groups (18%, normal dietary protein concentration; 15%, low dietary protein concentration; 12%, extremely low dietary protein concentration) | 30 days |
| [95] |
Chicken and soy proteins | C57BL/6 mice | Chicken or soy protein-based diets | 4 weeks |
| [96] |
Milk casein | Rats | Milk casein hydrolysate | 8 days |
| [97] |
Milk casein | Zucker rats | Milk casein hydrolysate | 8 weeks |
| [98] |
Milk β-casein | Rats pups | Milk β-casein peptide f(94–123) | 9 days |
| [99] |
Milk β-casein | Indomethacin-induced jejunal injury in rats | Milk β-casein peptide f(94–123) | 8 days |
| [100] |
Goat whey | DNBS-induced colitis in CD1 mice | Goat whey proteins, fatty acids and oligosaccharides | 16 days |
| [101] |
Hen egg | DSS-induced colitis in piglets | Egg white lysozyme | 5 days |
| [102] |
Soybean protein | DSS-induced colitis in piglets | Soybean protein derived di- and tri-peptides | 5 days |
| [103] |
Pea protein | DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice | Pea seed protein extracts | 23 days |
| [104] |
Lipids | |||||
High- and low-fat diets | C57BL/6J mice | Chicken, soy or pork protein-based administration either with low fat (12% kcal) or high fat (60% kcal) diets | 12 weeks |
| [93] |
High-fat diet | C57BL/6 mice | High-fat diet (56.7 Fat kcal %), in comparison with normal chow diet (12.0 Fat kcal %) | 8 weeks |
| [105] |
High-fat diet | Spontaneous colitis in Winnie mice | High-fat diet (46% available energy as fat), in comparison with normal chow diet (11% available energy as fat) | 9 weeks |
| [106] |
Flaxseed oil | LPS-induced intestinal injury in weaned piglets | Supplementation of diets with flaxseed oil in comparison with corn oil (5% weight:weight) | 3 weeks |
| [107] |
Fiber | |||||
Inulin | Western style diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice | 1% oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation in the drinking water | 4 weeks |
| [77] |
Inulin and cellulose | Western style diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice | Supplementation of high-fat diets (60 kcal% fat) with 20 % fiber | 4 weeks |
| [108] |
Pectin | TNBS- and DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice | Diet supplemented with characteristically high (5% orange pectin) in comparison to low (5% citrus pectin) side chain content of pectin | 10–14 days |
| [109] |
Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates | High-fat and fiber-deficient diet in C57BL/6J mice | Supplementation of high-fat (31.5% fat by weight) and fiber-deficient (5% fiber by weight) diet with microbiota-accessible carbohydrates | 15 weeks |
| [110] |
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Fernández-Tomé, S.; Ortega Moreno, L.; Chaparro, M.; Gisbert, J.P. Gut Microbiota and Dietary Factors as Modulators of the Mucus Layer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910224
Fernández-Tomé S, Ortega Moreno L, Chaparro M, Gisbert JP. Gut Microbiota and Dietary Factors as Modulators of the Mucus Layer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(19):10224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910224
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernández-Tomé, Samuel, Lorena Ortega Moreno, María Chaparro, and Javier P. Gisbert. 2021. "Gut Microbiota and Dietary Factors as Modulators of the Mucus Layer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19: 10224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910224