Vermiculite Filler Modified with Casein, Chitosan, and Potato Protein as a Flame Retardant for Polyurethane Foams
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Fillers Characterization
2.2. PU Composites Characterization
2.2.1. Morphology of PU Composites
2.2.2. Dimensional Stability
2.2.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Reinforced Polyurethane Composites
2.2.4. Mechanical Properties
2.2.5. Burning Behavior
2.2.6. Water Absorption
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
- Polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate with a brand name of Purocyn B, purchased from Purinova Company (Bydgoszcz, Poland);
- Polyether polyol with a brand name of Stepanpol PS-2352, purchased from Stepan Company (Northfield, IL, USA);
- Catalysts: Kosmos 33 (potassium acetate) and Kosmos 75 (potassium octoate), purchased from Evonik Industry (Essen, Germany);
- Surfactant: Tegostab B8513 (silicone-based surfactant), purchased from Evonik Industry (Essen, Germany);
- Blowing agents: pentane and cyclopentane, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (Saint Louis, MO, USA);
- Modifiers:
- ○
- Vermiculite, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (Saint Louis, MO, USA),
- ○
- Casein, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (Saint Louis, MO, USA),
- ○
- Chitosan, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (Saint Louis, MO, USA),
- ○
- Potato protein, obtained from local company (PEPEES S.A., Łomża, Poland).
3.2. Methods and Instruments
3.3. Filler Modification
3.4. Polyurethane Composites Synthesis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PU_0 | PU_V | PU_VC | PU_VCH | PU_VPP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dynamic viscosity at 10 rpm (mPa·s) | 850 ± 8 | 930 ± 9 | 970 ± 8 | 1010 ± 8 | 920 ± 7 |
Cream time (s) | 39 ± 3 | 47 ± 5 | 49 ± 3 | 52 ± 4 | 44 ± 4 |
Expansion time (s) | 260 ± 6 | 290 ± 4 | 309 ± 8 | 324 ± 7 | 278 ± 8 |
Apparent density (kg m−3) | 36.9 ± 0.7 | 38.3 ± 0.5 | 38.5 ± 0.7 | 39.0 ± 0.8 | 38.3 ± 0.6 |
Average cell size (µm) | 471 ± 5 | 451 ± 3 | 449 ± 5 | 444 ± 4 | 453 ± 5 |
Sample | Temperature of −20 °C | Temperature of +70 °C | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Δl (%) | Δw (%) | Δt (%) | Δl (%) | Δw (%) | Δt (%) | |
PU_0 | 1.80 ± 0.01 | 1.83 ± 0.01 | 1.77 ± 0.01 | 1.93 ± 0.01 | 1.89 ± 0.01 | 1. 74 ± 0.01 |
PU_V | 1.76 ± 0.01 | 1.80 ± 0.01 | 1.79 ± 0.01 | 1.79 ± 0.01 | 1.68 ± 0.01 | 1.73 ± 0.01 |
PU_VC | 1.69 ± 0.01 | 1.74 ± 0.01 | 1.73 ± 0.01 | 1.74 ± 0.01 | 1.83 ± 0.01 | 1.66 ± 0.01 |
PU_VCH | 1.73 ± 0.01 | 1.68 ± 0.01 | 1.69 ± 0.01 | 1.77 ± 0.01 | 1.70 ± 0.01 | 1.69 ± 0.01 |
PU_VPP | 1.70 ± 0.01 | 1.77 ± 0.01 | 1.64 ± 0.01 | 1.66 ± 0.01 | 1.82 ± 0.01 | 1.70 ± 0.01 |
Sample | Tmax (°C) | Char Residue (wt.%) at 600 °C | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st Stage | 2nd Stage | 3rd Stage | ||
PU_0 | 213 ± 3 | 319 ± 4 | 591 ± 5 | 26.1 ± 0.1 |
PU_V | 219 ± 4 | 26.7 ± 0.1 | ||
PU_VC | 225 ± 2 | 28.0 ± 0.2 | ||
PU_VCh | 215 ± 3 | 27.5 ± 0.1 | ||
PU_VPP | 215 ± 2 | 26.7 ± 0.2 |
Sample | IT (s) | pHRR (kW m−2) | TSR (m2 m−2) | THR (MJ m−2) | COY (kg kg−1) | CO2Y (kg kg−1) | LOI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PU_0 | 4 | 266 | 1515 | 21.7 | 0.376 | 0.385 | 20.1 |
PU_V | 5 | 216 | 1150 | 21.1 | 0.317 | 0.281 | 21.2 |
PU_VC | 6 | 201 | 1000 | 19.9 | 0.347 | 0.301 | 22.8 |
PU_VCH | 5 | 209 | 1095 | 20.7 | 0.328 | 0.282 | 21.6 |
PU_VPP | 6 | 200 | 1050 | 20.1 | 0.331 | 0.280 | 22.5 |
System | Compound | Content (wt. % to Polyol) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PU_0 | PU_V | PU_VC | PU_VCh | PU_VPP | ||
Polyol system | Stepanpol PS2352 | 100 | ||||
Pentane/cyclopentane | 11 | |||||
Kosmos 33 | 5 | |||||
Tegostab B8513 | 2.5 | |||||
Kosmos 77 | 0.8 | |||||
Water | 0.5 | |||||
Filler | Vermiculite | - | 2 | - | - | - |
Vermiculite functionalized with casein | - | - | 2 | - | - | |
Vermiculite functionalized with chitosan | - | - | - | 2 | - | |
Vermiculite functionalized with potato protein | - | - | - | - | 2 | |
Isocyanate system | Purocyn B | 160 |
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Miedzińska, K.; Członka, S.; Strąkowska, A.; Strzelec, K. Vermiculite Filler Modified with Casein, Chitosan, and Potato Protein as a Flame Retardant for Polyurethane Foams. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910825
Miedzińska K, Członka S, Strąkowska A, Strzelec K. Vermiculite Filler Modified with Casein, Chitosan, and Potato Protein as a Flame Retardant for Polyurethane Foams. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(19):10825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910825
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiedzińska, Karolina, Sylwia Członka, Anna Strąkowska, and Krzysztof Strzelec. 2021. "Vermiculite Filler Modified with Casein, Chitosan, and Potato Protein as a Flame Retardant for Polyurethane Foams" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19: 10825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910825