Secondary Metabolic Profile as a Tool for Distinction and Characterization of Cultivars of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cultivated in Pará State, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Evaluation of Production and Identification of Secondary Metabolites from Cultivars of Black Pepper
2.1.1. Volatile Compounds in the Leaves of Black Pepper
2.1.2. Volatile Compounds in the Fruits of Black Pepper
2.1.3. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
2.1.4. Total Phenolics Determination
2.1.5. Total Carotenoids
2.2. Comparison of Enzymatic Activity In Vitro in the Leaves of Black Pepper Cultivars
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) Activity
2.3. Homology Modeling and Molecular Docking to Fusarium
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Identification of Secondary Metabolites from Cultivars of Black Pepper
3.2.1. Extraction and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
3.2.2. Extracts Preparation
3.2.3. Total Phenolics Determination
3.2.4. Total Carotenoids
3.3. Determination of In Vitro Enzymatic Activity from Leaves of Black Pepper Cultivars
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) Activity
3.4. Computational Methods
3.4.1. Homology Modeling
3.4.2. Molecular Docking
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abs | Absorbance |
AMF | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
Cartotal | Total carotenoids |
ChlA | Chlorophyll A |
ChlB | Chlorophyll B |
CLas | Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus |
DTT | Dithiothreitol |
EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
EIMS | Electron ionization mass spectrometry |
EMBRAPA | Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation |
EO | Essential oil |
GAE | Gallic acid equivalents |
GC-MS | Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry |
HCA | Hierarchical cluster analysis |
NCBI | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
PAL | Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
PCA | Principal component analysis |
PDB | Protein Data Bank |
PVP | Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone |
RI | Retention indices |
VOC | Volatile organic compounds |
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Target | GenBank Accession Number | PDB Entry | Sequence Identity | Expectation Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
F. solani ornithine decarboxylase | ABC47117.1 | 4ZGY | 51.23% | 4 × 10−108 |
F. oxysporum glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase | EWY94476 | 6R4E | 61.11% | 0.0 |
F. odoratissimum NRRL 54006 β-glucosidase | XP_031065848 | 5NBS | 65.47% | 0.0 |
F. vanettenii thiamine thiazole synthase | C7Z8P6.1 | 3JSK | 77.4% | 1 × 10−167 |
F. oxysporum guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta subunit | RKL24731 | 6CMO | 66.57% | 2 × 10−165 |
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Barata, L.M.; Andrade, E.H.; Ramos, A.R.; de Lemos, O. F.; Setzer, W.N.; Byler, K.G.; Maia, J.G.S.; da Silva, J.K.R. Secondary Metabolic Profile as a Tool for Distinction and Characterization of Cultivars of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cultivated in Pará State, Brazil. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020890
Barata LM, Andrade EH, Ramos AR, de Lemos OF, Setzer WN, Byler KG, Maia JGS, da Silva JKR. Secondary Metabolic Profile as a Tool for Distinction and Characterization of Cultivars of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cultivated in Pará State, Brazil. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(2):890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020890
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarata, Luccas M., Eloísa H. Andrade, Alessandra R. Ramos, Oriel F. de Lemos, William N. Setzer, Kendall G. Byler, José Guilherme S. Maia, and Joyce Kelly R. da Silva. 2021. "Secondary Metabolic Profile as a Tool for Distinction and Characterization of Cultivars of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cultivated in Pará State, Brazil" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2: 890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020890